Intro to Psych Chapter 9 Lifespan Development Developmental Psychology Study of how people change physically mentally and socially thru lifespan Look at multiple factors Stages of development Critical periods Changes unfold gradually o o o o o o Nature vs Nurture Prenatal conception to birth Infancy 0 2 Early Childhood 2 6 Middle Childhood 6 12 Adolescence 12 18 Young Adulthood 18 40 Middle Adulthood 40 65 Late Adulthood 65 Genetic Contribution Zygotes single cell formed at conception Chromosomes twisted strands of DNA have 23 pairs o o o DNA chemical basis for heredity o Gene unit of DNA instruction o Alleles different forms of particular gene o o Genotype underlying genetic makeup o Phenotype characteristics that are displayed From Genotype to Phenotype Sex chromosomes 23d pair determine biological sex XX Female or XY Male Egg and sperm 23 chromosomes each that form you genotype 20 000 to 25 000 genes o o o Dominant genes expressed if present o o Most characteristics involve multiple genes o Most genes are dormant but are turned on off based on environment experience or Recessive genes not expressed unless received in a pair both mom and dad carry the gene internal forces Prenatal Stage 3 stages o Germinal period first 2 weeks zygote Embryonic period weeks 3 8 embryo Fetal period week 9 birth fetus Prenatal influences Nutrition anxiety health age Teratogens causes birth defects Radiation viruses nicotine o o o o Prenatal environment lifetime influence over health and intellectual abilities Infant Abilities Immature visual system Prefer faces o Other senses are developed Taste prefer sweet instead of salty hearing o Infant reflexes innate disappear and replaced by voluntary behavior Moving their heads and opening their mouth Sucking and swallowing Fanning toes when born Rooting Sucking Babinski Grasping Putting something in their hand and holding on to it Moro Infant physical development Startle reflex Brain 75 adult weight thru infancy Cephalocaudal Pattern Head first pattern for physical and motor skills Proximodistal Pattern Center of body first pattern for physical motor skills Sequence of motor skill development in universal o o Average ages different across cultures Temperament Inborn predisposition to behave react in certain way Biological basis can be modified by environment Ex Trauma culture Thomas and Chess study o o o o o o Easy Difficult Slow to warm Average Regular eat and sleep pattern happy and content Not happy or content no regular eat and sleep pattern Slowly grow with the change low activity levels 38 of kids fell in this category would change daily o Emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver affects physical and psychological dev Attachment Language o Multiple attachments o Ainsworth Strange Situation Research Secure Ok distressed than ok Insecure Avoidant Avoids distressed than acts coldly Insecure Anxious Resistant Clingy cries cannot be soothed Day Care quality is key Similar development for all people o o Noam Chomsky biological disposition o o o Infant directed speech Comprehension v Production Pattern Coo 2 4 months Babble 4 6 months One word 12 months Two word 24 months telegraphic Cognitive Development Piaget Stage Theorist 4 Stages Children go thru all stages Thinking is qualitatively different o o o o Heredity and environment o o Assimilation o Accommodation Sensorimotor Stage 1 Schemes Birth 2 years o Learn through action on environment o Focused on sensory info bodily movements o Cannot reason yet o o Object Permanence Signals next stage Preoperational Stage 2 o Age 2 7 Symbolic thought o Cannot understand abstract or mental operations o Egocentrism o Centrism o o Animism o Artificialism Conservation o Lack understanding of Concrete Operational Stage 3 Increasingly logical thought Concrete experiences and concepts o Ages 7 12 o o o Understand conservation reversibility and causation o Less egocentric but cannot think hypothetically or abstractly Formal Operational Stage 4 o Ages 12 adulthood o Abstract Reasoning Hypothetic Deductive Reasoning Compare ideas Reason about situations of others Future Systematic problem solving o Personal Fable Imaginary Audience Adolescent egocentrism displayed Piaget Critique o Underestimated cognitive abilities o Underestimated role of social and cultural environment o Overestimated ability to achieve formal operational thought Vygotsky s Theory of Sociocultural Influences Learn thru interactions with others Culture Language o o o Adolescence Zone of Proximal Development Knowledgeable members of society important Puberty until adulthood Puberty sexual reproduction o o o Menarche Spermarche o o o o Growth spurt early maturation o Extreme Adolescent Turmoil not common Peer group influential reflect goals and traits Externalizing boys Internalizing girls Suicide increase in boys Adolescent Brain Raging Hormones little evidence that causes emotional problems o o Neuronal pruning surges o o o Prefrontal cortex last area to prune Responsible for executive cognitive function reasoning planning organizing Full maturity of pre frontal cortex mid 20 s Early Maturation Early Girls o Negative feelings of body changes Embarrassed of attention Higher rates of sexual behavior substance use delinquency Risk of later unhealthy weight gain o Early Boys Usually positive impact Social Development o Overall positive relationship with parents o o o o Conflict increases Friend Peers more influence Romantic relationships Social Cultural factors influence romantic relationships Identity Development o Sense of self including Memories Experiences Values and Beliefs that guide behavior Erikson s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Devlopment Stage Age Info Trust v Mistrust Birth 1 Basic needs must be met Autonomy v Shame Doubt 1 2 Independence without doubt Initiative v Guilt Control impulses Competence v Inferiority Time when need to master life skills Identity v Role Confusion Identity crisis Intimacy v Isolation Must be able to share self 3 5 6 12 13 19 20 40 40 65 Generativity v Stagnation Continue to have creativity and renewal Ego Integrity v Despair Wisdom spiritual tranquility acceptance 65 and up Adult Physical Development o o Strength peaks in early adulthood Strength endurance reaction times gradually decline in mid adulthood o Decline further faster in late adulthood o Lose lean muscle increase body fat weakened bones Proper diet exercise o Menopause o End of reproductive cycle o Hormonal changes o One year after end of