Chapter 1 Intro to Psychology Science of behavior and mental process Philosophical writers o Aristotle Interactive dualism Descartes 1600 s They have the body and mind to influence each other Nature vs Nurture Heredity vs Environment Intelligence mostly comes from nature but distance in learning comes from nurture Physiology Scientific methods could be applied to human behavior and thinking o o o o o o o Wilhelm Wundt 1832 1920 Founder of Psychology o o Wrote Principle of Physiological Psychology o o o 1st Psychology research lab Study of Consciousness Experimental methods Edward Titchener 1867 1927 Structuralism Introspection Procedure to ID elements of conscious thought Unreliable and stopped being used William James 1842 1919 Functionalism James Students G Standley Hall Brought 1st psychology journal to USA 1st president of APA Mary Calkins 1st woman president of APA Margaret Washburn 1st woman to receive PhD in psychology Francis Summer 1st black man to receive PhD in psychology Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 Psycho analytic Theory o Unconscious conflicts Sexual aggressive in nature Past experiences are important Basis for psychoanalysis Behaviorism Early 1900s o Observable behavior conditions in environment o Measurable and verified o Goal discover fundamentals processes of learning o Ivan Pavlov 1849 1936 Conscious experiences made from structures of conscious thoughts How behavior functions to let us adapt to environment Study how psychology is applicable to education child rearing and work environment Research influenced behaviorism Discovered basic learning processes associated with stimuli o John B Watson 1878 1958 Rejected studies of mental processes Championed behaviorism Classic conditioning of people o B F Skinner Shaped behavior of animals in experiments Behaviorism dominated America for 50 years Reinforcement increase behavior Punishment decrease behavior Humanist Psychology 1950s o Emphasized Free will Determinism Psychological growth Be the best possible o o Came about to disagree with Freud Carl Rogers 1902 1987 Founder Conscious experiences Psychological growth and self direction Self determination free will choice o Abraham Maslow 1908 1970 Theory of motivation emphasized psychological growth Contemporary Psychology o Biological perspective Nervous system Looks at physical basis for our behavior Brain neurology etc to look for defect Endocrine system Emotional imbalance Immune system Genetics o Psychodynamic perspective Unconscious influences Early life experiences Interpersonal relationships o Behavior perspective How behavior is acquired and modified by environment or learning Classical conditioning ex fear of the dentist Operant conditioning ex sticker chart o Humanist perspective Motivation to grow psychologically Interpersonal relationships influence on self concept Choices and self direction Positive psychology perspective o Study positive emotions and psychological states o Cognitive perspective took off in the 1980s Positive individual traits Social institutions ex school Focus Health and well being Process and remember information Develop language Problem solving skills Thinking thought process o Cross culture perspective Differences among cultures Influence of cultural effects on behavior Culture attitude values beliefs and behavior associated with a group of people Ethnocentrism Own culture is standard Individualism individual above group Collectivistic group above individual o Evolutionary perspective Influenced by Darwin Principle of evolution explain behavior psychology natural selection Enjoys discussing phobias Specialty areas in Psychology LOOK IN BOOK Empirical psychology Relies on evidences from o o Observation experiments and measurement o Not a popular opinion or pseudoscience Critical thinking Based on well supported reasons o Assess claims form objective judgment o o Not based on emotions or anecdotes o Guidelines Be willing to ask questions and to wonder Define terms Examine evidence Analyze assumptions and biases Avoid emotional reasoning Don t oversimplify Consider other interpretations Tolerate uncertainty Goals of psychology o Describe behavior Explain behavior o Predict behavior o Control influence development o Scientific Method o Hypothesis to test empirically Relationships between variables Variables change in observable and measurable ways Operational definition how they re measured and manipulated o Design study and collect data Descriptive method observe describe behavior Experimental method cause and effect shown Analyze data and draw conclusion Statistics mathematic method Statistically significant not by chance Meta analysis result of many studies analyzed Report findings Precise details Replications could be possible Professional conferences Psychology journal Research Strategies Descriptive vs Experimental o Naturalistic observation Record behavior as it occurs in natural setting o o Case study Survey Intensive investigation of one or a few individuals Questionnaires or interviews Experiences beliefs attitudes behaviors Data from large groups in a quick fashion Honesty More honest when computer admin How strongly 2 variables are related Positive factors go in the same direction Negative factors vary in opposite direction Cannot prove causality o Correlational study o Experimental study Independent variable varied treatment Dependent variable measured for change Experimental group receives independent variable Control group not exposed to independent variable Random assignment equal chance of being in the experimental group or control group Placebo effect still respond believing they received actual medication APA Ethics in psychological research Respect dignity and welfare of participants o o No physical or emotional harm o Approval from ethics panel o Key provisions Informed consent voluntary participate Students more sensitive to desires Deceptions tell participant at eh end Confidentiality Debriefing Evaluation of Media Reports Skeptical of sensationalistic claims Source of publication Funding o o Anecdotes are not science o o o Methods and operational definitions o o Correlation vs Causality Skeptism is healthy