Study Guide for Psych 10 Final ExamFall 2013Module 28- What are the structures that make up language?o Phonem (letter and basic particles)o Morphem (words and prefixes) o Grammar (language rules)- What are the different types of language that develop from infancy through the age of 2+ years?o 0-4 months: Infantis: receptive language: associating language and facial movementso 4 months: Productive language: babbling in multilingual soundso 10 months: Babbling: in parents soundso 12 months: One-word stage: understanding and beginning to say many nounso 18-24 months: Two-word, telegraphic speech: adding verbs and incomplete sentenceso 2+ years: Full sentences- What is aphasia? What area of the brain is damaged in Broca’s versus Wernicke’s area, and what language difficulties are associated with each?o Being unable to produce or understand language. o Broca you can understand put can’t respond  Left frontal lobeo Wernike is where you can neither understand neither respond  Left temporal lobe- How are language functions divided in the brain? Which structures are responsible for which aspects of language?o 1- Visual cortex: receives written wordso 2- Angular gyrus: visual into auditory codeo 3- Wernke’s area: interprets auditory codeo 4- Broca’s area: controls speech muscles via the motor cortexo 5- Motor cortex: word is pronounced- What’s the difference between receptive and productive language?o Receptive: understand language and receive orderso Productive: express ideas and give orders- What are linguistic determinism, outcome simulation, and process simulation?o Linguistic determinism: idea that specific language determines how we thinko Outcome simulation: imagining the result, which will not helpo Process simulation: imagining the action we made which will helpModule 29- In intelligence research, what is “g”? What statistical technique did Charles Spearman use to inform this concept?o ‘g’ is General intelligence. o Charles Spearman used factor analysis, which said that people who did well on one section usually did well on the rest.- How did Thurstone, Gardner, and Sternberg’s ideas of intelligence each differ from Spearman’s “g”? o They all said that there are different kinds of intelligences.o Thrustone’s: seven clusters of abilitieso Gardner’s: Eight intelligenceso Strenberg’s: Intelligence Triarchy- What are savant syndrome, creativity, convergent thinking, and divergent thinking?o Savant syndrome: You are considered below average in general but you have some specificities where you are much better than most of the people. o Creativity: ability to produce novel and valuable ideaso Convergent thinking: left-brain activity. Being able to choose 1 correct answer.o Divergent thinking: ability to generate new ideas, new actions and multiple options and answers. (used by creative people)- Be able to recognize components and strategies that can improve creativityo Creative components: 1- Creative environment 2- intrinsic motivation: enjoying the pursuit of interest and challenges. 3- Imaginative thinking  4- Expertise: possessing well developed base of knowledge 5- Venturesome personality: tending to seek out new experience despite risko Strategies to boost creativity 1- pursue an interest until you devlop expertise 2- incubation time: sleeping  3- mental wandering: daydreaming 4- experiencing other cultures and ways of thinking- How does social intelligence differ from emotional intelligence? What are the benefits of emotional intelligence?o Social intelligence: being able to understand and have social situationso Emotional intelligence: managing the emotional component of social situations.o The benefits of emotional intelligence:  Delay gratification. Control emotions Success- How is intelligence related to brain anatomy?o 1- Brain sizeo 2- Some brain region size (parietal lobe)o 3- High brain activity in frontal and parietal lobeso 4- Extra gray matter: (brain cell bodies, more brain surface areas)o 5- Extra white matter: axons for better connectivity among regionsModule 32- What is BMI, how is it calculated, and what are the different BMI categories?o BMI: body mass indexo BMI: (weight pounds/(Height inches)^2)*703o Underweight (18-), normal (18-25), overweight(25-30), obese (30+)- How have rates of obesity changed in the US in the past 40 years, and what health conditions are associated with it?o Obesity rate has more than doubled, heart disease, stroke, diabetes type 2 and some types of cancer.- How do the brain and the body communicates to regulate appetite, and which brain structure plays a key role in this process? What effects do leptin and ghrelin have on appetite?o Some organs send if glucose is high or low in the body to the hypothalamus. And the hypothalamus releases s ghrelin if there is low glucose.o Leptin makes you hungry o Ghrelin makes you full. - How much of BMI variance is explained by genes? How are lifestyle factors such as sleep and friendships associated with obesity?o 2/3 is explained by geneso Obese friendso Less sleepo Laziness - Understand the difference between a set point and a settling pointo Set point: is always stableo Settling point: changes during your life - Which evolutionary factors influence taste preferences?o Worm climates: spicy or salty food, which is good preservatives so no microbes are in there. o Food aversion: food poisoning. o Neophobia: Disliking new things, it might have saved our ancestors.- How do portion sizes, social interactions, dishware, and food variety affect eating behavior?o The bigger the portion the more you will eato Social facilitation: The more people there are the more you will eato Type of companion: Depends on who you are with.o Social normal: As group increases we eat less variety- How does dieting affect the mind and body? Which biological effects might explain why weight loss is so difficult to maintain?o Lack of food makes you obsessed: After 48h: Attentional bias to food related cues Increased sensory awareness Conversation about food, menus, recipes, restaurants Dream content about food/ eatingo After 96:  Drop in your metabolism  Loose fat and protein- What is the relationship between BMI and mortality?o Obese and underweight have highest mortalityo Overweight: is the people who live the longer- What is comfort/emotional eating? How does it affect the stress response and body weight?o Comfort/emotional