I Psychology scientific study of behavior and mental processes Intro to Psychology Variables Hypothesis 8 26 28 14 II III Scientific Method a Ask a question b Develop hypothesis must be testable c Design study and collect data d Analyze data e Publish findings Research Designs a Definitions i Variables measurable characteristics that vary ii Population all members of an identified group iii Sample subset of a population 1 Random sample anyone has an equal chance of being selected 2 Representative sample selected so that its members have characteristics that closely relate to those of the population of interest b Descriptive Research i Naturalistic ii Case iii Survey 1 Features environment not disturbed variables decided beforehand 2 Pitfalls unwanted variables in environment replication more difficult open to bias by observer 1 Features detailed exam of individual or small group unique cases 2 Pitfalls cannot be used to support or refute hypothesis 1 Features fast way to collect descriptive data 2 Pitfalls wording and honesty skimming the surface representative i Features examines relationships among variables assists in making c Correlational Study sample predictions ii Pitfalls does not prove causation iii Correlation coefficient r 1 Indicates strength and direction between variables a Closer r is to 1 stronger b Closer r is to 0 weaker iv Causality must demonstrate that changes in one variable can only be due to influence of the other variable v Directionality Class Higher Attendance Grades OR Class Higher Attendance Grades vi Third variable problem X Y Z
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