Intro into Psychology Exam 3 Development How people develop as they get older Mainly studies children Nature vs Nurture Newborn Reflexes o Babinski run finger along sole of foot and toes should curl in o Moro startled o Rooting baby finding the nipple and sucking o Grasping grasping things Ex finger Piaget s 4 stages of development 1 Sensorimotor 1st two years of life just not in sight 2 Preoperational stage 2 7 years old a Children acting on physical world b Object performance if something disappears it s not gone from the world it s a Symbols social interaction egocentrism learning that people have thoughts and feelings too animism alive things magical thinking b Conservation volume and number i Ex graham crackers and juice video 3 Concrete operations 7 11 years old a Responsibility able to deal with abstract thought not completely though friendships and social network friends become more influential 4 Stage of formal operations begins at 12 years old a True abstract thought love justice egocentrism returns I m important The world revolves around me etc Disorders in childhood Autism o different wiring not sure what is different though o Very poor socialization o Repetitive movements o Discomfort in physical contact o 1 out of 1000 kids o Learn through operant conditioning o Never grow out of it ADHD ADD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder o ADD can t focus no self control only focus on things person likes o ADHD same as ADD plus hyperactivity o Diagnosed based on behavior o More common in boys o Typically have disorder life o Biological connection o Put on Ritalin stimulant behavior therapy works best with operant conditioning Moral Reasoning Kohlberg s theory of Moral Development a Pre moral level Self interest i Avoid punishment ii Get rewards b Conventional level Morality of Law and Society i Gain approval avoid disapproval ii Letter of law If legal its okay If illegal it s not okay c Post Conventional level i Principles of the community ii Own ethical principles mental energy used to decide this Critical Periods time in life where if something doesn t happen then then it won t happen Harry Harlow o Ex monkeys without mother or social interaction Attachment Important part in development Attachment between Primary Care Giver and child o Usually between mother and child 3 types o Secure Parent is there when needed is loving and constant o Anxious ambivalent Inconstant parent Child clingy and anxious o Avoidant lack of attachment mother feeds but no love or comfort Ex Ainesworth The Strange Situation Nurture Shock Useful information on raising kids praise kids for effort no over praising praise needs to be sincere specific praise o Praise o Sleep o Race o Lying kids get 1 hour less sleep than they did 30 years ago which equals less enjoyment during the day Should talk about this Parents have 50 50 shot Smarter kids lie more More verbal skills Harsher punishments more lying What needs to happen I won t be upset if you lied If you tell me the truth I ll happy o Intelligence o Self control Children develop at different rates Develops as intelligence develops Doesn t full develop until 20 s Kids benefit from play In the frontal cortex o TV and Aggression Violent TV violent kid moderately Verbal aggression and relational aggression are the worst Parents arguing is traumatic for kids Parents relationship is the most important Bullying popular kids pick on non popular kids to improve social standing To stop bullying get popular kids on board against bullying Adolescence Having to be self evaluated is a threat Physical threat is not much of a threat Reckless Hypersensitive to identity questions Make bad decisions parents must watch out and make the rules Parents must treat them like an adult child a cross in between Adolescence Gender Identity Gender identity Gender role stereotypes o Androgyny personality type that has the best characteristics of both sexes androgynous people tend to be happier with their lives o Hyper masculine feminine People aren t as happy Overdoing gender role Ex too much make up Romantic Attachment 3 types o Secure secure relationship with primary care giver secure romantic relationships believe in lasting love end up with other secure people o Anxious ambivalent o Avoidant increases odds of being clingy fall in love easily insecure about other s feelings end up with avoidant people parent was not there for them emotionally someone who is distant uncomfortable doesn t believe in lasting love end up with ambivalent people Development during adulthood Slow decline in physical fitness o Latest peak in the 30 s Between 30 and 40 speed starts to slow o Measured by reaction time Aging is at 30 Social changes in Adulthood Average marriage age 28 Midlife crisis is a myth o Can happen at any time o More like midlife transition Aging Exercise important o Erikson ego integrity vs despair Mind and Body connect o Need mental exercises to do o If you don t use it you lose it Death and Dying o Kubler Ross stages of dying 1 Denial 2 Anger Why is this happening to me 3 Bargaining I ll get over this I ll workout more 4 Depression 5 Acceptance Personality Set of relatively permanent characteristics that describes how we think react to the world Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud had the greatest impact of psychology o 2 assumptions Personality formed when you are a baby 0 2 years old Much of human behavior is driven by sexual drive Not only for relationships but for every way of life Libido o Sexual energy Repression When a threatening idea memory or emotion is blocked from consciousness Push out of awareness Repress anything sexual Oedipus and Electra happens between 3 6 years old o Young males attracted to mother hates dad and wants to kill him o Young females fall in love with father battles mother for dad penis envy Oedipus conflict Electra conflict 3 Structures of Personality Id o Born with this o Greedy impulsive and selfish o Wants what it wants now o Wants mostly sex and violence life sexual instinct and death aggressive instinct o Unconscious o Basically born evil Superego o Partly conscious but largely unconscious o Our morals and parental authority o Uptight rigid bossy not o Judges activities of the Id o Not much fun o Bring pride and satisfaction for good things o Bring guilt and shame when you break rules o Often voice of parents o Socialized self o Conscious and unconscious o Yourself o Balancing the Superego and Id referee o Represents reason and good sense