Review Sheet for Psych 10 Midterm ExamModule 1:- Be able to describe/differentiate the two schools of psychology: Structuralism and and functionalismStructuralism: -task of psych: identify basic elements of consciousness the same way physicists break down basic particles of matter-engaged in introspection: reporting on sensations and other elements of experience-objective of introspective reports: build a view of the mind’s structureFunctionalism:-task of psych: investigate the function of consciousness rather than its structure-studied human thoughts, feelings and behaviors-influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory -> all characteristics of spieces has an adaptative purpose- Describe how the definition of psychology has changed over time and be able to provide the current definition of psychologyOld definitions of psychology:1900’s: the science of mental life1920’s: the scientific study of observable behaviorFreud’s: how our inconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior 1960’s: Humanist psychologists: ways that current environmental influences can nurture oflimit our growth potential + importance of having our need for love and acceptance satisfiedCognitive revolution: importance of how our mind processes and retains infoCurrent definition of psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes- Understand the biopsychosocial model of psychological phenomenonBiopsychosocial model of psychological phenomenon: nature-nurture issue: how are we humans alike (common biology, share common origins) and diverse (differences shaped byour environment, our genes)- Be able to describe/differentiate/identify the seven different perspectives (i.e., cognitive, social-cultural, behavioral genetics, neuroscience, psychodynamic, behavioral, evolutionary) for describing psychological phenomenaCognitive: how we encore, process, store and retrieve infoSocial-cultural: how behavior and thinking vary across situations and structuresBehavioral genetics: how our genes and environment influence our individual differencesNeuroscience: how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiencesPsychodynamic: how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflictsBehavioral: how we learn observable responsesEvolutionary: how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes- Be able to describe/differentiate/identify the different subfields of psychology.Basic research:-Biological psychologists: studies links between brain and mind-Developmental psychologists: studies changing abilities as we age-Cognitive psychologists: studies how we think-Personality psychologists: studies our traits-Social psychologists: studies how we interact with each otherApplied research: -Clinical psychology: assess and treat mental disorders-Counseling psychology: help people cope with challebges, crises-Community psychology: create healthy environments, both social and/or physicalModule 3:- Be able to describe the Scientific Method and be familiar with the following terms/processes: setting up situations that test our hypothesis -> making careful organized observations -> analyzing whether the data fit with our hypothesesTheory: set of principles, built on observations and other verificable facts, that explains some phenomenon and predicts it future behaviorHypotheses: testable prediction consistent with our theoryOperational Definitions: statement of the procedures used to define research variablesReplication: trying again using the same operational definitions of the concepts and procedures- Be able to identify and differentiate between case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys/interviews. Also be able to describe the pros and cons of each type of study.Cases studies: research method based on observing and gathering info to compile an in-depth study of one individualPros: source of ideas about human nature in generalCons: overgeneralization from one exampleNaturalistic observations: watching and recording the natural behavior of many individualsPros: description can be revealingCons: does not explain behavior, just describes itSurveys/interviews: method of gathering info about many people’s thoughts, behavior through self report rather than observationPros: Cons: answers depends on the wording effects, and the random sampling- What is a population, sample, and random sampling? Random sampling: technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in your sample- Be able to explain correlations and correlation coefficients, and also be able to identify whether something is positively, negatively, or zero-correlated.Correlations: mesure of how closely two factors vary together, how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the otherCorrelation coefficients: number representing the strength (how close the dots are to a straight line) and direction of correlationPositively correlated: both variables increase togetherNegatively correlated: as one number goes up, the other number goes downZero-correlated: no relationship between the two factors- What conclusions can we make from correlations?Correlation does not imply causation Conclusions: A could cause B, B could cause A, or third factor C could cause both A and B- Understand the different parts of experiments (i.e., independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, and control group). You should also be able to differentiate between these terms and when given a scenario identify each part. Experimentation: manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effectIndependent variable: what you manipulateDependent variable: what you measureExperimental group: in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment (one version of the independent variable)Control group: in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment (serves as comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment)- What is the placebo effect?Placebo effect: experimental effects that are caused by expectations about the interventionExample: experimental group gets new drug while control group gets nothing, yet both groups improve -> effect caused by expectations of both groups- Be able to define and identify the three measures of central tendency (i.e., mean, median, and mode)Mode: the most common level/number/score (1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,5)Mean: the sum of the scores, divided by the number of scores