INR2002 Introduction to International Relations Review Sheet for Exam 3 Chapters 6 11 12 13 What are International Laws and International Norms International laws are bodies of rules that bind states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another and are considered to have the status of law International Norms are standards of behavior for actors with a given identity norms define what actions are right or appropriate under certain circumstances How are they formed and how do they relate to each other For a principle or idea to become institutionalized as a norm the standard of behavior it specifies must be accepted as morally right and appropriate by a sufficiently large proportion of any given population Norms are created by states themselves They are influenced by groups TAN s NGO s within a state The state accepts that routine and agrees to it within international law International laws are only what states agree to International legislators base international law on what is seen as social and legal norms within participating states Why do they matter International laws and norms can Clarify expectations Assist with coordination Help settle disputes Change state behavior Introduce a pattern of compliance Create enforcement mechanisms Allow for a comparison with domestic law What are TANs and what role do they play in international relations Transnational Advocacy Networks TANs are nongovernmental groups that exist across borders TANS act as endorsers and monitors of international agreements TAN s can help government overcome information costs by providing cues to legislators TANs also act as monitors They monitor whether and how states comply with international law and other agreements as well as international norms This enables states to have greater confidence that present and future agreements will be honored Identify problems ignored by governments Roles o o Establish and spread norms of behavior o o Source of expertise and funding Implement policy o Pressure states What are human rights and why are they abused Human rights are a claim a person has to protect certain goods against others Human rights are abused for several reasons Because people do not agree with them Because people are in times of emergency Because a country cannot afford to provide a right i e property Who is more or less likely to violate human rights Richer countries are less likely to violate human rights Democracies tend to respect human rights weight of public opinion Federal systems are more likely to violate because they do not have full power over states applies to dictatorships Why do countries sign human rights treaties and are these treaties effective Countries sign HR treaties as a means of demonstrating their commitment to democracy and political liberalization This helps states solve credible commitment problems Signing of a human rights treaty is often used a signal to a commitment to moral or philosophical motivations to citizens that you will do something to other countries that you will behave in a way They are only sometimes effective Within democracies HR treaties tend to be successful but within Dictatorships What is civil war A civil war can be defined as an armed conflict that occurs between organized actors within a state and meets some minimum threshold of severity conflict that causes at least 1000 battle related deaths In addition to be a civil war casualties need to be incurred by all sides Civil wars are intrastate wars and are typically between the government and a rebel organization How does it differ from interstate war Interstate war is between two different countries while intrastate war is between two parties within a single country How does the bargaining theory explain civil war There is a mutually beneficial agreement both parties can come to before violence Civil war is a result of a failure to find the middle ground What is terrorism The use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or non state groups for political ends If these are not for political purposes they are not terrorism If the states commit the violence it is not terrorism Terrorism is a strategic move Why does it occur Terrorism occurs because of bargaining failure There is a mutually beneficial agreement non state actors and governments can come to yet when non state actors cannot reach that point through non violent means they resort to terrorism Usually the reason a bargain cannot be reached is because the terrorist s requests are so extreme What tactics do terrorists use and what tactics can states use to respond to them Terrorism strategies 1 Coercion 2 Provocation You attack a country s population in response to terrorist attack The terrorist s target is uncertain about the terrorist s capabilities or resolve Attacking is a form of costly signal with the purpose of changing the target s behavior against you because you cannot identify the terrorist group within the country the enemy population joins terrorists in response terrorists now stronger attack you again 3 Spoiling the possibility that they are peaceful partners for leadership and commitment relative to other similar terrorist groups Terrorists interfere in negotiations as lobbyists with an attack to spoil A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate a capability 4 Outbidding Counterterrorism strategies 1 2 Defense Deterrence Benefit Deter terrorist from taking action against you Cost Hard to determine who they are and where to strike response is not credible We only know when deterrence fails not when it succeeds Benefit Harder for terrorists to succeed Cost Massive defense infrastructure that needs to be constantly maintained NSA Preemption Benefit Go out and find them before anything can happen Cost Need intelligence in order to find and eliminate enemy More likely to provoke terrorists than deterrence policy Sometimes terrorist strategy is to provoke you to take preemptive action Sees each act of terror as a crime versus global war on terrorism Benefit Investigate and arrest effective at domestic terrorism Cost this strategy stops at the border no jurisdiction internationally 4 Criminalization 3 5 Negotiation Can be successful Finding the mutually beneficial agreement within the bargaining range 6 Coexistence When all tactics fail or are too costly the state may decide to simply coexist with the terrorists as best as possible How is the environment an issue in
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