INR Final Exam Study Guide CHAPTER 11 Puzzle In a world with no police why would countries agree to follow international rules and norms Ex some countries have given up landmine use while others have not International law rules that bind states and other actors in world politics customary international law countries behave a certain way that is customary behavior not written down and develops slowly and over time Law of Diplomatic Immunity and Law of the Seas Treaties negotiated and ratified written down and have force of domestic law International law varies in degree of Obligation degree to which countries are obligated to follow a law or policy Precision degree to which third parties are given authority to enforce the law Countries comply with law most of the time and international law reflects their interests law can constrain their behavior International Norms standards of behavior for actors with a certain identity if broken cannot be punished arrested as with laws sometimes standards are as strong as taboos taboo on the use of nuclear weapons Transnational Advocacy Networks TANs Aim to bring out political and social change engage in social mobilization to spread raise awareness of a cause and try to get people to convince governments of the importance of a cause through political pressure Good TANs and bad TANs Bad TANs can often be terrorist groups that engage in things negative to most of the world Jody Williams made people and countries aware of the dangers of countries using land mines started petition to get rid of them with 160 countries participating Diana Spencer Princess Diana also involved in this movement Non Governmental Organizations NGOs operate without the influence of a government and attempt to raise awareness for a cause and get people to act in 1874 only 32 NGOs existed by 2003 over 13 000 existed TANs change minds and alter interests making a difference in the world puts pressure on states to act using the boomerang effect that mobilizes international networks to make changes in turn coming back to the original country and putting more pressure on them to act TANs sometimes replace the functions of a state facilitate international cooperation to monitor international agreements CHAPTER 12 Everyone agrees on the importance of human rights and there are a number of international treaties that try to protect them human rights practices have not improved over the last few decades International Human Rights rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being a person regardless of status first attempt to solve this problem was through the United Nations charter Article 55 that pointed out that governments needed to protect these rights but was not binding or forceful Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN Assembly in 1948 gave the rights to a nationality freedom of opinion and expression freedom to peacefully assemble etc became authoritative standard of human rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights passed in 1976 and guaranteed freedoms such as speech religion restricts death penalties and prohibits discrimination International Covenant on economic social and cultural rights guarantees paid maternity leave for mothers right to a primary education equal pay for equal work right to a minimal standard of living etc Some rights have broader support than others Nonderogable rights can never be violated or taken away no matter the circumstance includes freedom from torture cruel punishment and freedom of thought and religion these rights are not automatically enforced more than other rights States violate human rights due to Incapacity to uphold basic human rights poorer countries struggle financially to provide basic rights countries National Security problems or to suppress violent domestic political dissent within Against individuals or groups feared to be allied with a foreign power To secure the rule of government and its dominance over its people Why states promote human rights To demonstrate a commitment to democracy and political liberalization Altruistic reasons instrumental reasons To constrain the human rights practices of others When states promote human rights human rights have weak reciprocity governments gain little from caring about rights in other countries state promote human rights when there is domestic pressure States that ratify international human rights treaties are associated with worse human rights records positive effect may only arise in the long term TANs have given some rights to the status of norms human right TAN is primary monitor of government activity with human rights Individual petition European Court of Human Rights allows citizens to sue their governments for violations of human rights Universal Jurisdiction Crimes against humanity punished by international courts of law International Criminal Court Tries criminals for crimes against human rights Regional Trade Agreements Incorporate labor provisions and demands changes in human rights to allow for trading between certain countries CHAPTER 13 Tragedies of the Commons use of common resources or public goods producing negative externalities externalities are unintended and uncompensated consequences Public goods non excludable and non rival not competing over its use with others use of the radio and clean air are examples externalities include failure to contribute to the well being or maintenance of the good Common resources non excludable and rival clean water and community parks are examples externalities include the exploitation of the resource leading to its destruction What makes a tragedy of the commons Is an externality produced Is it a global tragedy or a national resource management issue Externalities at the domestic level governments provide public goods and protect common resources not true of international goods and resources problems of anarchy and sovereignty with no global organization to act as a governing body for resources Solutions International treaties and institutions provide information create rules for addressing externalities and punish countries that don t contribute or exploit resources Privatization oceans close to coastlines are privatized give countries control over water 3 miles from their coastline and within 200 miles are given economic control over the resources Setting quotas done with climate change and the ozone layer and the externalities that result from their overuse whaling ban also set within
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