INR2002 Exam 2 Study Guide KEY TERMS from textbook Bureaucracy Collection of organizations including the military diplomatic corps and intelligence agencies that carry out most tasks of governance within the state Interest groups Groups of people with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members NATO Treaty formed among the United States Canada and most of Western Europe in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union eventually three Soviet allies joined after the war Poland Hungary and the Czech Republic intervened in Yugoslavia due to the government mistreating its own people Warsaw Pact Military alliance formed to bring together the Soviet Union and its cold war allies in Eastern Europe dissolved as war ended COIN doctrines Counterinsurgency efforts to combat insurgencies by giving a population an interest in the survival of the government eliminating the collective action problem and informational advantages of rebel groups Asymmetric warfare Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities such as when terrorists or rebel groups attack strong states KEY LECTURE BOOK NOTES States are unitary actors war is costly but costs of war not evenly distributed soldiers leaders suffer more weapon distributors benefit more democratic institutions reduce influence of aggressive actors National vs Particularistic interests Some actors benefit from high oil prices companies as consumers want low prices such actors can become powerful because of the collective action problem Types of domestic actors leaders who make foreign policy decisions organized groups like department of defense and the general public Rally around the flag effect when a country is at war approval of leader tends to increase through patriotism and nationalism President Bush after 9 11 diversionary conflict leaders go to war to divert attention away from themselves or some national issue but may not work as war drags on and becomes costly Falklands War Before the war poor economic conditions in Britain brought Margaret Thatcher s approval rating down to 29 after the war the public rallied around her causing her rating to jump to 51 War has political costs as well as rally benefits public support goes down as costs go up political benefits narrow bargaining range but diversionary incentives do not cause war War may be in the interest of special groups and these people derive benefits from war but pay few of the costs some groups seen in military industrial complex spending on weapons controlling economy too much influence these actors in iron triangle which includes military congress and defense contractors Eisenhower warned against military industrial complex where three interest groups work together to control or pursue common interests congress spends a lot on defense causes many congress members are former military members all connected in iron triangle complex doesn t cause war Bureaucracies have special interests in war making decisions about war and peace but typically want money often seek bigger budgets policy changes personal promotions organizational process model Bureaucracies limited in time and resources and choose option that relies on SOP Standard Operating Procedures making them resistant to change provides fewest costs to them push for war if it works best at the time and coincides with SOP Governmental Policies model decisions resulted from competing interests and where you stand depends on where you sit foreign policy result of bargaining games among different actors with different interests bureaucratic interests narrow bargaining range but do not cause war Democracies fight as often as other states but they tend not to fight each other democratic peace few if any clear cases of war between mature democracies not less war prone but at war more frequently with non democracies Democratic interests Accountability voters prefer peace to war in democracies decisions made by leaders are accountable to voters with institutions slowing down or stopping decision to fight Democratic Interactions Bargaining democracies more transparent less able to bluff if thinking about going to war challenges once made are more credible less information problems in bargaining have higher audience costs as they win 80 of wars they fight but voters likely to punish democracies if they lose war more costly to make a challenge and then back down making challenges more credible fewer information problems Golden Arches Theory of conflict prevention presence of multi national corporations in a country decreases chance of going to war promote economic development and peace capitalist countries go to war less Two democracies least war two non democracies next most war one democracy and one non democracy most war Anarchy creates variation in international responses to aggression due to not having global police structured to reflect interests of powerful countries responses to violence alliances like NATO and collective security organizations like the UN Alliances Promises to address situation of another country no always pledging to fight each other s wars help countries cooperate militarily during wars can offensive or defensive Types of alliances Ententes Consultation agreements pledge to consult another country before acting Nonaggression Pacts If a country is attacked the other country will not join in Defensive Pact If attacked pledge to fight and defend the country Offensive Pact Attacking a country together alliances form when countries have common interests that motivate them to cooperate Alliance behavior Balancing Technique form to maintain balance of power Bandwagoning form an alliance that can built up the most power Chainganging alliances working like a chain with all countries joining after one does dragging the others in Buckpassing when allies are attacked abandoning them and not defending them Defensive alliances augment power of member states deterring challengers increases costs of war but expands bargaining range must send credible signals can create problems of incomplete information Signaling credibility of alliances Need to make alliances clear and strong to deter attacks need to demonstrate commitment through costly signals or tying hands can lead to problem of moral hazard where a country engages in risky behavior just because there is an alliance for protection Germany s blank check Collective Security Organizations Form under
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