Transnational networks Transnational advocacy networks TAN Transnational terrorist networks Globalization Norms Norm life cycle Norm entrepreneur are composed of sets of constituent actors engaged in voluntary reciprocal and horizontal interactions communication and exchange across national borders ex UN EU A set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective NGO Method to accomplish goals Employ violence to bring about political change Example Al Qaeda Breeds political problems that span national borders causes us to become involved in other countries issues Groups UN must act in concert to solve problems of the environment Working together to solve different issues trade human rights and so on Globalization increases the connectedness of societies bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily lives WWII Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity norms define what actions are right or appropriate under particular circumstances important to TANs A three stage model for how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken for granted status Stage 1 Work to convince a Norm cascade Norm internalizations Framing Naming and Shaming Boomerang effect critical mass to embrace their beliefs Example Henry Dumont and the International Committee of the Red Cross ex people swaying thoughts invisible children look whats going on Stage 2 Adherents to the new norm passes a tipping point ex info being providing builds up until it is over the edge people are upset Stage 3 norms of this type are taken for granted after it internalizes it dies down ex washing your hands becomes a part of daily life The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments ex news media can largely influence the publics opinions on human rights and the environment Putting Pressure on the States concerning certain issues because people and states care about reputation ex calling country out for an action that violates a norm NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states to gear on their own government Example Anti apartheid movement in South Africa TANs mobilized voters in other countries to sanction South Africa Endorser Endorsement TANs as Endorsers International agreements are often complex TAN endorsement provides a cheap informational shortcut ex Green peace supporting whaling State is dominant and TANs primarily reflect the interests of prominent states ex if the government want something they will promote and establish that norm traditionalists don t care about norms TANs represent governance without government TANS may be as important as states in creating new policy ex the people want something they will promote and establish that norm globalists care about norms The use or threatened use of viole against noncombatant targets by individuals or non state groups for political ends clandestine agents usually intended to influence and audience a conceptualization of rationality that emphasizes the tendency of decision makers to compare options with those previously considered and then select the one that has the best chance of success ex interactions in the future tension based on calculations of means ends and consequences warfare without 2 forces going head to head force on one side only ex suicide bombers Traditionalists Globalists Terrorism Instrumental rationality Asymmetric warfare Extremists Information problems associated with terrorism and bargaining Credible commitment problems associated with terrorism and bargaining Coercion strategy Costly signal Actors whose interests are not widely shared by others individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make Terrorism from Incomplete Information Terrorists have private information that they cannot credibly reveal to targets Examples of private information Information asymmetries likely to be large groups have uncertain capabilities Groups have incentives to exaggerate their capabilities and resolve Threats are often inherently not credible Cannot reveal their strategies without vitiating their effectiveness because they can t reveal you lose information which causes twice the effect surprise so you ll bargain more To reach agreement terrorists must credibly commit not to stage future attacks How can a terrorist group demonstrate credibility to abide by an agreement How does coercion create policy change It imposes costs on the other side this is how terrorism bargains using violence to get countries leaders to get them what they want A strategy that induces policy change by imposing or threatening Provocation Collateral damage Spoling Outbidding to impose costs usually pain or other harm on the target ex mobs they lost somebody and message got across cuban missle crisis A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists home society or in other sympathetic audiences provoking a country to over react Afghanistan war Al Qaeda used on 9 11 to provoke war maybe we over responded and brought the outlook on America to look bad People that get injured killed who are innocent bystanders ex village who is not involved in war but they were in close proximity so their lives were lost in vain Hiroshima A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists home society ex completely spoiling peace after 9 11 A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate a capability for leadership and commitment relative to another similar terrorist group Who is more capable of destroying the other Cold War Shi ads Sunni s Deterrence Human rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICCPR 1976 Non derogable Red Scares Terrorism cannot be completely prevented but actions can be taken to deter this It is threats intended to prevent an actor from takin an undesired action Example Nuclear deterrence during the Cold War therefore countries have an incentive not to attack eachother rights possessed by all individuals virtue of being a person Article 55 rights states were expected to protect UN efforts to clarify rights in article 55 it is the product of those deliberations Defined as common standard of achievement for all people and accepted as the
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