INR2002 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Chapter 10 Global Civil Society Transnational Advocacy Groups The Puzzle countries Transnational Networks interactions Who are the In a globalizing world are transnational groups from Amnesty International to al Qaeda transforming world politics How and to what extent can such networks bring about policy change within and between Composed of sets of constituent actors engages in voluntary reciprocal and horizontal interactions of communication and exchange across national borders Actors composed of other actors united by shared interests in a dense web of cooperative International and domestic NGOs involved in research and advocacy 1 2 Local social movements 3 Foundations and other Philanthropic Organizations 4 The Media 5 Churches trade unions consumer civil organization Two types of Transnational Networks Transnational Advocacy Networks TANS o Method to accomplish goals o Examples Ottawa Convention Transnational Terrorist Networks TTNs o Method to accomplish goals Employ violence to bring about political change Jody Williams and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines ICBL o Example Al Qaeda Analytic Overview Figure 1 Global Civil Society Figure 2 Growth in TANs 1953 2003 Graph 1 Distribution of TANS by Issue Graph 2 Compares issues like Human rights Environment Peace Women s Rights Development Global Justice Self Determination etc Why have TANs increased Globalization breeds political problems that span national borders o Groups must act in concert to solve problems of the environment human rights Globalization increases the connectedness of societies bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily lives o Lower communication costs facilitate interaction between peoples separated by and so on space and borders How Do TANs influence politics 1 Changing Minds Altering Interests Norms Life Cycle New knowledge can reshape our interests or activate otherwise latent interests New Norms o Norms standards of behavior for actors with a given identity o Norms raise the cost of inappropriate action Norm Entrepreneurs work to convince a critical mass to embrace their beliefs o Henry Dumont and the International Committee of the Red Cross o Frame issues graphic violence against an innocent group sympathy and support Ie Fish Sea Kittens Norm Cascade adherents to the new norm passes a tipping point Norms are internalized and taken for granted 2 Putting Pressure on States Direct Pressure o Naming and Shaming Indirect Pressure People and states care about reputation o Boomerang Effect pressure from other states to bear on their own government NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring o Anti apartheid movement in South Africa TANs mobilized voters in other countries to sanction South Africa o The Boomerang Figure 3 3 Providing Information TANs as Endorsers o International agreements are often complex o Provides a cheap informational shortcut TANs as Monitors o Police patrols versus Fire alarms Are TANs Surpassing States as Dominant Actors Traditionalists State is dominant and TANs primarily remains an arena of states TANs influence preferences of individuals but the object of their activities remains state policy o Change preferences of voters who then press states o Monitor state behavior and compliance Global UN Civil Society Terrorism Why do some transnational groups commonly known as terrorist resort to violence to achieve their aims What do these two guys have in common or not Ie Peter Benenson Founder Amnesty International Ie Osama bin Laden Founder al Qaeda What is Terrorism Premeditated politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience o Title 22 of the United State Code Section 2656f d State terrorism replaces Sub national groups or clandestine agents with governments Incidents of Transnational Terrorism Worldwide 1968 2006 Graph 1 Transnational Terrorist Fatalities Worldwide 1968 2006 Graph 2 Incidents of Transnational Terrorism in the US 1968 2006 Graph 3 Transnational Terrorist Fatalities in the US 1968 2006 Graph 4 Why Violence Terrorism is a form of bargaining What are the causes of bargaining failure Are Terrorists Rational Rational purposive behavior Terrorist demands are unreasonable o Rationality refers only to strategy not goals Suicide bombers are nuts or deluded o Willingness to sacrifice one s self for a cause is a general phenomenon Attacks are random and therefore are not strategic o If object is to induce fear then randomization can be a strategy Which Groups Choose Terror Terrorism is asymmetrical warfare What is the object of terrorism o Political Change Policy Change o Attack Military War o Attack Civilians Terrorism What sort of groups resort to terrorism What is the relationship between terrorism and the other sides military o The weak relative to the goals they seek lack popular support o If you have a large military at your disposal you just use your military There is no need for terrorism o Graph 5 Terrorist Organizations How are terrorist organizations generally organized o Decentralization networks with many cells Why are they organized this way o Networks are more robust to penetration or counterattack Where do we typically find terrorist organizations o Terrorists hide within sympathetic populations Terrorist Goals peninsula One major goal of Al Qaeda was for the US to withdraw troops from the Arabian Two years after 9 11 US troops redeployed Why could Al Qaeda and the US not negotiate a deal without the attack o Bargaining problems Terrorism form Incomplete Information Terrorists have private information that they cannot credibly reveal to targets o Information asymmetries likely to be large groups have uncertain capabilities o Groups have incentives to exaggerate their capabilities and resolve o Cannot reveal their strategies without vitiating their effectiveness o Threats are often inherently not credible Terrorism from Commitment Problems To reach agreement terrorists must credibly commit not to stage future attacks How can a terrorist group demonstrate credibility to abide by an agreement o Why might a terrorist group not do this They their threats will be eliminated o Why might a government not trust a terrorist group to do this There are thousands of threats and very few are followed through Is independence an indivisible issue What about religious issues o What does that tell us
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