INR2002 Review Final Exam Chapter 10 Transnational Advocacy Networks Transnational networks composed of sets of constituent actors engaged in voluntary reciprocal and horizontal interactions of communication and exchange across national borders Actors composed of other actors united by shared interests in a dense web of cooperative interactions Transnational advocacy networks TANs interest and status defined by principle advocacy TANs monitor and endorse TANs influence politics They are nonhierarchical and lack a centralized authority that can mandate actions by their members They seek to alter the interests of states by creating new knowledge or by changing international norms by framing issues is ways that mobilize support Act in pursuit of a normative object Contemporary exs human rights the environment economic social justice democracy women s rights abortion rights right to life How do TANs influence politics 3 ways Changing minds altering interests power of ideas to alter perceived interests and to change behavior at the individual and state levels TANs alter the way actors think about their interests oNew knowledge new norms Global warming as ex evidence has become more clear and is brought to the attention of people by TANs like Greenpeace By increasing public awareness TANs persuade individuals to place a higher priority on stopping global warming Public pressure helps elevate the issue on the political agenda Norm life cycle Groups negatively affected by proposed policy changes will also mobilize politically to Putting pressure on states direct and indirect pressure influence govt decisions Ex tobacco industry oDirect naming and shaming TANs exert leverage over states by calling attention to violations of widely held norms A reputation as a norm abiding country may have intrinsic value and facilitate cooperation with other countries Mobilizes the court of world opinion to criticize and shames states into altering abhorrent behavior Challenges and potentially damages reputation of offending states Other states will be reluctant to trust states with bad reputations oIndirect boomerang effect invoke coercive power of other states Boomerang model NGOs in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own govts Effective when NGOs are blocked from influencing their own govts Individuals in other countries press their govt or international organizations into action Govts demand that the first state alter its behavior or remove the block on its own NGOs Does not require any actor to alter its perceived interests Makes socially inappropriate behavior more costly Ex Anti apartheid movement Black South Africans excluded from power influence in govt NGOs and allies appealed to foreign TANs Mobilized opinion voters in other countries whose govts placed sanctions on South Africa and eventually helped topple the apartheid regime Facilitating cooperation providing info to states before after agreement TANs reduce cost of monitoring oEndorsers legislature must ratify agreement don t have detailed understanding of provisions Voters reelect legislatures who negotiated the deal don t know about agreement Learn to support or oppose from TANs that track negotiations study the text and endorse or reject it Legislators voters can make informed choices by taking cues from groups that share their preferences and possess knowledge about the agreement Reduces uncertainty enhances cooperation between states oMonitors revealing info about compliance after an agreement Allows states to have confidence in future agreements Info is acquired by states about compliance in 3 ways Rely on the self reports of others relatively weak incentives to cheat and lie Only useful when they can be verified by one of the other mechanisms States can monitor one another s behavior directly Often quite expensive each state must expend resources in collecting info about often hard to observe behaviors by others Can be inefficient monitors must be in the field even when violations aren t occurring Imperfect monitors may be occupied when violations occur Listening to the testimony of trust worthy third parties When problems arise concerned parties alert others who respond when necessary Far less expensive and more efficient 1 INR2002 Review Final Exam Transnational terrorist networks TTNs employ violence to bring about political change They differ from TANs in interaction with states and in political strategy Interests are not widely shared by others Globalization growth to a global scale breeds political problems that span national borders Increases the connectedness of societies bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily lives Problem the same forces that allow terrorists to attack anywhere also permit them to hide anywhere Lower communication costs facilitate interaction between peoples separated by space and borders Norms standards of behavior for actors with a given identity They define what actions are right or appropriate under particular circumstances Existed and spread prior to the growth in TANs Most easily observed when they are violated Presence revealed by the censure of others and by justifications excuses given by offending party Affect behavior political outcomes by raising costs of inappropriate actions making them less likely Rule out otherwise feasible alternatives Ex using nuclear weapons would create a high cost the potential outrage of the international community because of the norm in place Norm life cycle 3 stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken for granted status Norm entrepreneurs work to convince a critical mass to embrace their beliefs 1 norm entrepreneurs individuals groups with strong beliefs about desirable behavior Actively work to convince critical mass of other individuals in others states to embrace their beliefs TANs as vehicles for dissemination of new norms Ex NRA works globally to promote principle that owning a gun is a right o Frame issues make them comprehensible to target audiences attract attention encourage action fit with favorable institutional venues Find ways to connect encouraged behavior to preexisting norms o Win by framing principles so that they connect to principles already accepted in a community Female genital cutting opponents framed practices by changing name from female circumcision to female genital mutilation breaking association with traditional practice
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