PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I Short term working memory a Forgetting b Increasing short term memory II Long term memory a General properties b Forgetting III Differences between STM and LTM IV Reconstructive nature of memory Outline of Current Lecture I Memory tips for studying II Properties and Parts of Language a Animal Communication b Properties c Parts and Levels III Linguistic determinism a Language determines thought Whorfian hypothesis b Thought determines language IV Language in a Social Context a Gricean Maxims V Take home Current Lecture I II Memory tips for studying a Distribute learning process deeply practice overlearn picture images make mnemonics Properties and Parts of Language a Animal communication i Bees dance to communicate where food is located ii Vervet monkeys have alarm calls for different types of predators b Properties i Communicative ii Arbitrarily symbolic cat is arbitrary label for 4 legged feline iii Structured at multiple levels These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III iv Produces novel utterances v Dynamic twerk selfie emoji c Parts and Levels i Phonemes 1 Single speech sounds lips tongue vocal cords 2 meaningless 3 v f s z 4 sip vs zip 5 b as in brain or th as in thigh 6 Experience important a Clicks in some African languages b clearing throat phoneme in Hebrew i challah break eaten on Sabbath ii chutzpah nerve or audacity c l and r in Asian languages d flied instead of fried ii Morphemes smallest unit that is meaningful 1 Words prefixes suffixes plural s etc a cat is 1 morpheme b Plural s is 1 morpheme c cats is 2 morphemes iii Syntax organization into sentences 1 Ambiguous syntax the cop saw the man with the binoculars did he see it with binoculars or did the man have the binoculars 2 Surface structure vs Deep structure iv Semantics meaning of sentences v Discourse beyond sentences i e conversation Linguistic Determinism a Language determines thought Whorfian hypothesis i Language influences thought no one disagrees with this claim ii Language determines thought 1 Implies that there is no universal reality reality and thought are determined by cultural factors such as language 2 Evidence Eskimo words for snow color perception euphemisms used today euphemism inoffensive term used for a term that might be found offensive 3 Belief is that we change people s thoughts and perceptions by using these new terms b Thought determines language i Implies that there is a universal reality reality is out there in the world ii Reality is similar across different cultures for the most part iii Arguments against Whorfian hypothesis 1 Eskimos don t have more words for snow than we do IV V 2 Color perception is similar across cultures 3 Words can be ambiguous 4 Nonverbal thinking Language in a Social Context a Gricean Maxims i Conversations have structure ii Speakers also assume an unwritten contract during conversation iii Gricean maxims ensure cooperation 1 Quantity don t give too much or too little information 2 Quality don t lie state falsehoods or say things that you don t have evidence for 3 Relation relevance Be relevant 4 Manner be clear unambiguous orderly brief Take home a Language is complex b Mental processing thought determines language abilities c Language is complex and structured at all levels d Language lies at the interface between cognition and social interaction