PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I Neurotransmitters a Serotonin b Dopamine II Take home III Exam 1 info IV Start Motivation lecture V Definition and Phenomena a Maslow s hierarchy of needs VI A Basic Model for Motivation a Thermoregulation i Homeostasis b Feeding and Hunger i Dual Center Theory VII Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding a Social Influences b Undereating Anorexia and Bulimia c Overeating Obesity Outline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute I Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding overeating obesity a Drive Reduction theory b Brain hormones genes c Psychological influence on obesity d Dieting what works II Sexual Motivation a Sexual Response i Masters and Johnson b Sexual Arousal III Sexual Orientation Current Lecture I Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding Overeating obesity a Drive Reduction theory i Theory proposing that certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states 1 Hunger thirst and sexual frustration ii We are attempting to maintain a level of psychological homeostasis iii Strength of drives is affected by arousal b Brain is center for food cravings c Hormones also play a strong role in feeding behavior i Ghrelin communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger ii Cholecystokinin CCK counters ghrelin s effects iii Leptin signals us to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used iv We may have a set point that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain 1 Mixed research support d Genes also play a role in obesity i 7 9 correlation for identical twins fat mass if raised together 4 7 if raised apart ii Likely a combination of many different genes e Psychological Influences on Obesity i What psychological factors lead to overeating 1 Environment 2 Portion size 3 Unit bias better deal to get a larger portion size 4 Food engineering food lasts longer 5 Advertising 6 Control restraint of eating behavior II a Restrained eater try to control eating b Unrestrained eater don t try to control eating c Restrained eaters behavior similar to obese individuals behavior ignore normal feeding signals including stop satiety signal f Dieting What Works i One strategy lower your set point with drugs 1 However research indicates that diet drugs aren t best in the long term and have serious side effects ii Craighead s study 1 Behavioral modification only 2 Drug therapy only 3 Both behavioral mod and drug therapy iii Craighead s results weight loss after treatment 1 year later 1 Behavioral 24 19 8 2 Drug 31 9 13 8 3 Both 33 7 10 1 Sexual Motivation a Sexual Response i Hormones important in many animal e g a dog in heat 1 Humans are exception a Primary sex organ is the brain ii Masters and Johnson Human Sexual Response 1 Important conclusions a Men and women have similar sexual response cycles b Women more variable than men slower to respond but remain aroused longer c Some women can have multiple orgasms in a short space of time men rarely can d Penis size unrelated to sexual performance depends on males attitude towards size 2 Sexual response cycle a Excitement blood flow to pelvis increases b Plateau level of maximum arousal c Orgasm pleasurable release from sexual tension d Resolution body gradually returns to pre arousal state b Sexual arousal i Affectional bond relationships in early life ii Specific gender differences 1 Males visual cues close up sex acts 2 Females touch cues style setting and mood of situation iii Need a trusting relationship with that person normally iv General arousal can be translated into sexual arousal III v Repeated exposure habituation vi Sexual desire libido is influenced by genes biology and social and cultural factors vii Neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine appear to play a role viii Men desire sex more often while women experience more variability in their sex drive Sexual Orientation a Homosexuality is not the only scientific puzzle i As Freud said heterosexuality is also a problem that need elucidation and is not a self evident fact ii