PSY 1001 1nd Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 9 Lecture 1 1 27 14 Concept or Vocab 2 pillars of psychology Explanation or definition 1 Philosophy Socrates Aristotle Locke Hume 2 Physiology Helmholtz Darwin Muller Nature vs Nurture Philosophical debate that continues in psychology what determines how people act nature or nurture Wilhem Wundt Father of psychology best known for establishment of first psychology lab Structuralism Major figures Wundt and EB Titchener aimed to identify most basic elements of psychological experience analyze complex behavior by breaking it into its component parts Introspection Self observation self examination and self reflection bias is a crucial problem called introspective illusion Functionalism Founded by William James how mental processes work emphasizes the continuous flow of consciousness importance of habit and instinct complex theory of the self theory of emotion inclusion of religious beliefs Free will vs determinism Psychoanalysis Major figures were Freud and Jung focused on internal psychological processes of which we re unaware honest conscious stream of thought free association give a word see what comes into relation subconscious and dreams Behaviorism Only study observable behavior and not hidden mental processes early behaviorists Pavlov Watson Skinner major figures were Watson and Skinner focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism The Cognitive Revolution Mind may work like a computer hidden processes major figures were Piaget and Neisser focuses on mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking What s happening currently Neuroscience central nervous system brain Interdisciplinarybehavioral and cognitive neuroscience Interdisciplinarysociology business computer science etc Lecture 2 1 29 14 Concept or Vocab 5 factors that make study of psychology difficult Explanation or definition 1 Human behavior is difficult to predict 2 Psychological influences are rarely independent of each other 3 People display individual differences in thinking emotion and personality 4 People influence one another 5 Behavior is shaped by culture Theory Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world Hypothesis Specific prediction based on a theory which can then be tested 3 things to be careful of 1 Common sense intuition vs analytical thinking 2 Heuristic pattern of thinking based on knowledge we have from the past mental short cut 3 Confirmation bias tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence 6 principles of scientific thinking 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ruling out rival hypothesis think about alternatives Correlation vs causation Falsifiability can it be disproved Replicability can the results be replicated Extraordinary claims need extra strong evidence Occam s razor Occam s Razor When faced with 2 opposing explanations for the same set of evidence our minds will naturally prefer the explanation that makes the fewest assumptions Natural observation Goes watches and takes notes in natural habitat Case Study Designs Provide access to the rare or unusual not many exist Self report Bias reporting Correlational designs See if they are related does not mean one causes the other Independent variable Variable being manipulated Dependent variable Variable being measured Experiemental group Group being manipulated Control group Group being compared to Normal Lecture 3 2 3 14 Concept or Vocab Explanation or definition Characteristics of science Structured observations empiricism verification Replication testable hypothesis Placebo effect Will get a positive effect if you are expecting one Nocebo effect Expectation of negative outcomes causes a negative outcome Experimenter expectancy effect Rosenthal effect See what we want expect Double Blind technique Controls experimenter expectancy effect neither researchers or participant know which group they are in Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord sensory info comes into and decisions come out Peripheral nervous system All nerves stemming out from spinal cord cranial nerves spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system carry info in and out from central nervous system Cerebral cortex Outside of brain what we typically think of when we think about brain wrinkly 2 hemispheres Forebrain Cerebral cortex thalamus hypothalamus damaged loss of consciousness most developed area of brain gives us our advanced intellectual abilities 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum Midbrain Relays sensory info Hindbrain Bottom part of brain includes cerebellum pons medulla Cerebellum Plays a predominant role in our sense of balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills Pons Connects cortex to the cerebellum and triggers dreams Medulla Regulates breathing heartbeat and other vital functions Spinal cord Bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body Sensory nerves Carry info from body to brain Motor nerves Carry info from brain to rest of body Gray matter Areas rich in nerve cell bodies White matter Bundles of nerve fibers connection between neurons Lecture 4 2 5 14 Concept or Vocab Explanation or definition Cerebral cortex Right side controls and processes info from left side of body and vice versa majority of forebrain composed of cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes Occipital Lobe Back of brain almost exclusively devoted to vision and visual perception when sensory info enters the brain it first goes to that sense s primary sensory cortex then to the association cortex Parietal Lobe Perception of touch and space upper middle part of brain disordered spatial perception in a patient with damaged parietal lobe contains somatosensory cortex which is sensitive to touch pain and temperature helps track object s locations in space communicated info to the motor cortex every time we reach grasp or move our eyes Temporal Lobe Bottom middle part of brain perception of object hearing language comprehension stores autobiographical memories contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke s area responsible for speech comprehension Agnosia Inability to recognize common objects caused by damage of temporal lobe Frontal lobe Speech production movement complex thinking aspects of personality front of brain contains Broca s area speech formation and primary motor cortex voluntary movement oversees and organizes most other brain functions Aphasia Damage of frontal lobe can t produce words