PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I What are we aware of a Attention i Multitasking ii Good or bad II Take home III Memory is Incredible a Memory mysteries IV Memory processes a Encoding b Storage c Retrieval V Sensory memory VI Short term working memory Outline of Current Lecture I Short term working memory a Forgetting b Increasing short term memory II Long term memory a General properties b Forgetting III Differences between STM and LTM IV Reconstructive nature of memory Current Lecture I Short Term Working Memory a Forgetting i Decay items fade faster 18 20 seconds without rehearsal ii Interference new items bump old items b Working memory part of short term memory i Allows us to work on information we have in short term memory storage c Increasing your short term memory i Chunking chunk up information to remember better 1 Depends on previous experience These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV 2 Chess experts have better memory for board positions than chess novices 3 If it depends on experience can you practice chunking in STM to improve your memory Yes ii Other strategies 1 Elaborative rehearsal 2 Depth of processing i e verbal information a Visual b Phonological sound related c Semantic Meaning related Long Term Memory a General Properties i Function stores information for re access and use at a later time ii Encoding for storage primarily semantic but also visual and auditory dual coding provides richest encoding iii Duration of storage probably unlimited iv Capacity of storage probably unlimited but dependent on what is encoded and filtered 1 Appears to be limitless but does not hold everything modulated by filters and or significance etc v Semantics best 1 Maintenance rehearsal 2 Elaborative rehearsal 3 Dual coding 463 5456 Kiln b Forgetting i Decay use it or lose it 1 Practice strengthens long term memories ii Interference 1 Retroactive interference occurs when learning something new hampers earlier learning the new interferes with the old 2 Proactive interference occurs when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning the old interferes with the new Differences between STM and LTM a Permanence b Capacity c Mistakes are different i Examples verbal 1 Short term tend to be acoustic long term semantic 2 Poodle terrier long term mistake 3 Noodle poodle short term mistake Reconstructive Nature of Memory a Our memories are far more reconstructive than reproductive V VI b When we try to recall an event we actively reconstruct our memories using the cues and information available to us c We don t passively reproduce our memories as we would if we were downloading information from a web page d I e Picture yourself walking along a beach lake pond or trail where you have been in the past e Memory Heuristics i We depend on a representative heuristic because like goes with like ii We simplify things to make them easier to remember iii Heuristics come with a price the memory illusion 1 Memory illusion a false but subjectively compelling memory 2 Types of Long Term Memory a Explicit Declarative we have conscious experience of accessing it remembering it intentionally i Semantic our knowledge of facts about the world Left frontal ii Episodic our memory of events in our own lives right frontal b Implicit Nondeclarative the process of recalling information we don t remember deliberately Doesn t require conscious effort on our part i Procedural memory for motor skills and habits ii Priming ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly when we ve previously encountered similar stimuli iii Conditioning Learn subconsciously iv Habituation Other Factors Affecting Memory a Context dependent learning external b State dependent learning internal c Emotional Memory role of the amygdala d Memory Problems i Retrograde amnesia we lose some memories of our past ii Anterograde amnesia lose the capacity to form new memories