PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Neuronal Communication a Anatomy of a neuron b Electrical activity of neurons c Synaptic transmission II Chemical transmission at synapse a Glutamate b GABA c Serotonin Outline of Current Lecture I Neurotransmitters a Serotonin b Dopamine II Take home III Exam 1 info IV Start Motivation lecture V Definition and Phenomena a Maslow s hierarchy of needs VI A Basic Model for Motivation a Thermoregulation i Homeostasis b Feeding and Hunger i Dual Center Theory These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute VII Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding a Social Influences b Undereating Anorexia and Bulimia c Overeating Obesity Current Lecture I II III IV V Neurotransmitters a Serotonin i Concentrated in hypothalamus and cortex ii Involved in sleep and arousal iii Involved in depression iv LSD effect serotonin system b Dopamine i Concentrated in basal ganglia and frontal lobes ii Parkinson s disease basal ganglia iii Schizophrenia frontal lobe component iv Involved in some drug addiction reinforcement rewarding neurotransmitter v Have trouble initiating movement with lack of dopamine Take home a Many psychological disorders are imbalances in neurotransmitters receptors basically neuronal communication b Many of these disorders can be treated or partially treated by drug therapies to change brain chemical c Building blocks can be recouped through diet Exam 1 a 2 weeks from today b 70 questions c She will post several practice questions Start Motivation Definition and Phenomena a Motivation from Latin to move i Motivated you want to act move towards a goal b A motive initiates behavior and gives it a direction a goal c Motivation provides a bridge between physiology and psychology i Ex Hunger is a strong motivator d Maslow s hierarchy of needs i Pyramid of needs ranging from physiological needs to self fulfillment needs ii You move up pyramid as lower needs are satisfied VI iii Bottom to top physiological safety love or belongingness esteem selfactualization e Drives i Motivation refers to many factors some inside the person some outside ii An internal state that causes an individual to behave toward some goal iii Different drives have different goals e g Hunger has goal of eating sex drive has goal of sexual gratification A basic model for motivation a Thermoregulation i Most of Maslow s period is dedicated to physiological needs ii Homeostasis 1 Out internal physiological balance of temperature water content food etc 2 Homeostatic control process any system that works actively to maintain homeostasis 3 Humans have homeostatic control processes as do other nonliving systems i e furnaces iii Thermoregulation 1 Temperature regulation maintaining about 98 degrees Fahrenheit 2 Temperature is a basic motive a Sweating panting cold drink etc 3 Deviations from an internal ideal temperature the set point 4 Initiate behavior a Physiological behavior sweating and psychological physical behavior moving to a different room iv Basic Model of thermoregulation 1 Many motivated behaviors can be explained with a feedback model 2 Ex Furnace below set point Start furnace check temp above Do nothing 3 Questions about basic model a What initiates these behaviors b Where is the set point located c Hypothalamus is involved in many motivated behaviors d Hypothalamus fighting fleeing feeding mating v Our internal thermostat 1 Thermorecepetors neurons that respond to temperature a Fire action potentials in response to temperature of internal fluids b Change based on body temperature VII 2 Magoun et al 1938 hot cat experiment a Wire into hypothalamus of cat heated up wire cat had a response that it was hot even though room temp was normal b What about psychological behavior See cold rat study 3 Cold Rat study a Rats in a cold environment will learn to press a lever to turn on a heat lamp b Cooling the hypothalamus leads to the same psychological behavior learning to press the lever to turn on a heat lamp c Can you move set point Yes example fevers Raise set point to kill off bad germs b Feeding and hunger i Dual center theory hypothalamus has 2 centers hunger center and satiety Full center a Similar to set point model of thermal regulation 2 Lesion to lateral hypothalamus a Rat doesn t eat b This must be the hunger center 3 Lesion to ventromedial hypothalamus a Rate overeats b This must be the satiety center 4 Dual center theory doesn t quite explain everything a For example the fat rat doesn t keep eating it eventually maintains its weight 5 Another slightly more correct view a Lateral hypothalamus raises set point when lesioned it can t raise set point so set point is low b Ventromedial hypothalamus lowers set point when lesioned it can t lower set point so set point is high Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding a Social influences i Ideal Weight Figure changes over time causes women s views to shif 1 May eat more or less to fit ideal ii Cultural influences events that center around food b Undereating Anorexia and bulimia i Biological factors hypothalamus and serotonin ii Personality family factors in anorexia perfection and self control iii Low fat diet can damage growth of brain because there is less myelination 1 Can also have other influences iv Anorexia not eating v Bulimia binging and purging more common than anorexia c Overeating Obesity i What psychological factors lead to overeating 1 Emotions sadness anxiety stress 2 Environment toxic food environment ii Contributes to many health issues and creates social stigma