PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Hypothesis vs Theory II Six Principles of Scientific Thinking a Ruling out rival hypotheses b Correlation vs causation c Falsifiability d Replicability e Extraordinary Claims f Occam s Razor III Typical Scientific Methods in Psychology a Natural Observation b Case Study Designs c Self Report d Correlational Designs e Experimental Designs Outline of Current Lecture I Typical Scientific Methods in Psychology a Correlational Designs b Experimental Designs c Characteristics of Science d Cautionary Points II Ethical Issues III Take home from Lecture 2 IV Start Lecture 3 V Nervous System a Central nervous system These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute b Peripheral Nervous System VI Major Divisions of Brain a Cerebral Cortex b Forebrain c Midbrain d Hindbrain e Spinal Cord f Connections Current Lecture I Typical Scientific Methods in Psychology continued from last lecture a Correlational Designs i Just because to things happen together does not mean that one causes the other ii Media typically states one thing causes other however its usually just correlated b Experimental Designs i Independent variable experimenter manipulates ii Dependent variable variable that is measured iii Do an experiment to see if there is a cause and effect relationship c Characteristics of Science Start new info i Structured empiricism empiricism observation ii Verification replication iii Testable hypotheses d Cautionary points i Explore alternative explanations ii Placebo Effect 1 Expecting a positive effect will get one 2 Ex Give a sugar pill and real pill sugar pill works because they are expecting that they are getting real medicine and will get a good effect iii Nocebo Effect 1 Expectation of negative outcomes causes a negative outcome 2 Ex Make yourself sick when you re not 3 Opposite of placebo effect iv Experimenter expectancy effect Rosenthal effect 1 See what we want expect 2 Use double blind technique to help control neither researchers or participants know which group they are in experimental or control II III IV V VI Ethical Issues a IRB Institutional Review Board give them details of experiment they approve b Ex At UIowa induced stuttering in children c Try to reduce number of animals used in studies Take home from Lecture 2 a We need to use the characteristics of science to understand complex problems ie human behavior b Science is cautious so that answers are as correct as possible Start Lecture 3 Nervous System a Central Nervous System i Brain and spinal cord ii Sensory info comes into and decisions come out of here b Peripheral Nervous System i All nerves stemming out from spinal cord cranial nerves spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system ii Carry info in and out from central nervous system Major Divisions of the Brain a Cerebral Cortex i What we usually think of when we think of brain ii Brain usually changes a lot iii Wrinkly 1 Skull stays same brain wrinkles up as it grown 2 More bumps more space for info iv Our gray matter v Two hemispheres vi Left right vii Each hemisphere has 4 lobes b Forebrain i Cerebral cortex thalamus hypothalamus ii If damaged won t have consciousness iii Most developed area of the human brain giving us our advanced intellectual abilities iv Consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum which allows communication between them c Midbrain i Mainly for relaying sensory info d Hindbrain i Bottom of brain ii Cerebellum plays a predominant role in our sense of balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills iii Pons connects cortex to the cerebellum and triggers dreams iv Medulla regulates breathing heartbeat and other vital functions e Spinal Cord i Think bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body ii Sensory nerves carry information from body to the brain Motor nerves carry info from brain to rest of body iii Gray matter areas rich in nerve cell bodies iv White matter bundles of nerve fibers connections between neurons f Connections i Short tracks between near regions ii Long projections going to and from corpus callosum iii Long tracks going through the brain