PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Exam 1 Overview II Sexual orientation a Common theories b Biological factors i Hypothalamus c Bem s exotic becomes erotic theory III Take home from motivation lecture IV New lecture Learning Russian Style V What is learning VI Classical Pavlovian Conditioning a Pavlov s observations b Extinction VII Classical conditioning in Human behavior a Taste aversions b Emotional responses Outline of Current Lecture I Classical conditioning in human behavior a PTSD II Shortcomings with classical conditioning a Thorndike s cat in the box experiment III Skinner s operant conditioning a Reinforcement b Punishment c Schedules of Reinforcement Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute I II III Classical Conditioning in Human Behavior a Other conditioned emotions i Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD traumatic experiences can be elicited by sights sounds and smells that were neutral stimuli during battle 1 Being shot at is a UCS which produces fear UCR 2 If a sound e g helicopter is paired with being shot at the sound will become a CS that produces fear CR 3 Harder to extinguish when event was traumatic ii Simple learning like classical conditioning can explain a lot about human behavior iii However other types of learning are needed to explain more Shortcoming with classical conditioning a Thorndike s experiment cat in the box experiment i Cat beats ball to get out of box to get food ii Law of effect a response followed by a satisfying outcome is more likely to be repeated in the future Skinner s operant conditioning a Operant any behavior made by an organism that has an observable effect on the environment b Behavior is associated with an outcome in the environment c Reinforcement i Process by which a behavior is made more likely to occur ii Positive rewarding receive something something appears iii Negative Removal of an aversive environmental consequence something disappears d Punishment i Process by which a behavior is made less likely to occur ii Positive Receive something bad i e ticket makes you not want to do it iii Negative Get something taken away e Schedules of reinforcement i When is feedback provided by the environment 1 Ratio feedback based on number of responses 2 Interval feedback based on time of responses ii Fixed ratio feedback after some number of responses e g after every other insurance policy you sell iii Variable ratio feedback after some average number of responses e g slot machine iv Fixed interval feedback after some fixed time interval e g paycheck every 2 weeks v Variable interval feedback after some variable time interval e g random drug testing at the Olympics IV vi Variable reinforcement is generally harder to forget extinguish 1 This is why gambling can be so addicting and why random testing can be effective Take home a Classical and operant conditioning can explain a wide range of human behavior i e g aversive reactions phobias tantrums in children gambling addiction etc b See table 6 2 in book