PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Typical Scientific Methods in Psychology a Correlational Designs b Experimental Designs c Characteristics of Science d Cautionary Points II Ethical Issues III Take home from Lecture 2 IV Start Lecture 3 V Nervous System a Central nervous system b Peripheral Nervous System VI Major Divisions of Brain a Cerebral Cortex b Forebrain c Midbrain d Hindbrain e Spinal Cord f Connections These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Outline of Current Lecture I Cerebral Cortex II Major Lobes of the Cortex a Occipital b Parietal c Temporal d Frontal III Examples of Systems a Basal Ganglia b Limibic System c Cerebral Cortex IV Some Organizing Principles a Localization of function b Plasticity c Mapping V Einstein s Brain VI Cells of the brain a Neurons b Glial cells Current Lecture I II Cerebral Cortex a Right side controls and processes info from the left side of body b Left side of brain controls and processes info from the right side of the body c Majority of forebrain composed of cerebral cortex d Can be divided into 4 lobes Major Lobes of the Cortex a Occipital i Tends to get damaged in car accident ii Back of brain iii Almost exclusively devoted to vision and visual perception iv When sensory info enters the brain it first goes to that sense s primary sensory cortex then to the association cortex b Parietal i Perception of touch ii Spatial perception iii Upper middle part of brain iv Disordered spatial perception in a patient with damaged right parietal lobe 1 Ignores left side of clock v Disordered attention in a patient with damaged left parietal lobe 1 Ignores right side of what s going on III vi Contains somatosensory cortex which is sensitive to touch pain and temperature vii Helps track objects locations in space viii Communicates info to the motor cortex every time we reach grasp or mover our eyes c Temporal i Bottom middle part of brain ii Perception of objects iii Auditory perception hearing iv Language comprehension v Agnosia inability to recognize common objects damage of temporal lobe 1 Can t even copy a picture on an elephant vi Following temporal lobe damage patients have comprehension aphasia vii Stores autobiographical memories viii Contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke s area responsible for speech comprehension d Frontal i Speech production ii Movement iii Complex thinking iv Aspects of personality v Front of brain vi Broca s area speech formation vii Primary motor cortex voluntary movement viii Following frontal lobe damage patients have production aphasia can t produce words ix Oversee and organize most other brain functions executive functioning x The prefrontal cortex is responsible for thinking planning and language xi Contributions to Personality Phineas Gage 1 Pole went through frontal lobe 2 Survived 3 Became a different person new personality 4 Inhibiting behavior lost ability Examples of Systems a Basal Ganglia i Required for normal movement ii Sit near thalamus center of brain iii Patients where basal ganglia doesn t receive chemicals have Parkinson s disease 1 Have trouble initiating movement iv Allows us to perform movements to obtain rewards and reinforcement b Limbic System IV V VI i The emotional system of the brain that also has a role in smell motivation and memory ii 2 main structures 1 Amygdala emotion plays roles in fear excitement and arousal 2 Hippocampus learning and memory learning new things amnesia 3 Bottom center inside of brain Some Organizing Principles a Localization of Function i Different regions of cortex responsible for different psychological behaviors ii Don t oversimplify iii Lateralization each side of brain used for different functions iv Left hemisphere fine tuned language skills actions v Right hemisphere course language skills vi Visuospatial skills vii Which areas for what task 1 Many areas of brain are associated with a particular function localization of function 2 However complex tasks often require numerous parts working together b Plasticity i Cortex is plastic malleable based on experience ii In touch changes in the homunculus after amputation 1 Other areas become more sensitive c Mapping i Cortical Maps 1 Somatosensory homunculus Ordered map of skin surface in parietal cortex 2 Adjacent points remain adjacent 3 Some regions have more cortex devoted to them Einstein s Brain a Right parietal cortex has extra tissue which does spatial processing b Findings in space and time saw things differently visual thinker Cells of the Brain a Two main cell types of the central nervous system i Neurons basic signaling units of the nervous system ii Glial cells provide support functions both chemically and structurally b The brain is an intricate network consisting of approximately 200 billion neurons and more than a trillion glial cells c Each neuron receives and combines multiples inputs to determine whether to transmit an action potential to the next target in its network Neuron muscle glad or organ