PSY 1001 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Beyond the Basic Model of Feeding overeating obesity a Drive Reduction theory b Brain hormones genes c Psychological influence on obesity d Dieting what works II Sexual Motivation a Sexual Response i Masters and Johnson b Sexual Arousal III Sexual Orientation Outline of Current Lecture I Exam 1 Overview II Sexual orientation a Common theories b Biological factors i Hypothalamus c Bem s exotic becomes erotic theory III Take home from motivation lecture IV New lecture Learning Russian Style V What is learning VI Classical Pavlovian Conditioning a Pavlov s observations b Extinction VII Classical conditioning in Human behavior a Taste aversions b Emotional responses Current Lecture VIII Exam 70 MC questions in 1 week a Read through entire question and all answers These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IX X XI XII XIII b Don t forget to bring University ID and 2 pencil Sexual orientation a Common theories i Common theories of sexual orientation particularly homosexuality don t hold up 1 Identification with opposite sex parent 2 First sexual encounter 3 No recruitment into a particular orientation ii What is predictive Gender conformity nonconformity in childhood 1 Do you act like the opposite gender 2 Some promise are exceptions iii Probably a combination of biological and nurture b Biological factors i Hypothalamus 1 LeVay s anatomical study looked at size of nuclei in hypothalamus in men 2 Hypothalamus in homosexual men is similar to that in women but this is correlational Not causational c Bem s Exotic become erotic theory i Biological factors influence temperament ii Temperament predisposes children to prefer some activities over others iii If a child doesn t conform to gender roles he or she may feel different exotic from same sex peers iv Feeling different leads to physiological arousal v Physiological arousal is later interpreted as sexual arousal erotic Take home from Motivation a Physiology and psychology influence motivation b These influences come through the environment and the hypothalamus c Feedback models explain some basic motivated behaviors New Lecture Learning Russian Style What is learning a A process based on experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior b Brain changes based on experience Classical Pavlovian Conditioning a Pavlov s observations i Ivan Pavlov 1 Physiologist interested in digestion 2 Found that dogs salivated to the sight of the experimenter 3 What caused this psychic secretion ii Pavlov s experiment 1 Studied a reflexive behavior salivation XIV 2 A stimulus that caused salivation food was paired with a neutral stimulus bell 3 Eventually the bell produced the salivation as if the dog anticipated the arrival of the food iii Classical conditioning 1 Associative learning Learning to associate the bell with the food 2 Before unconditioned food unconditioned stimulus causes dog to salivate unconditioned response 3 Need neutral stimulus in this case the bell Before being conditioned doesn t cause salivation 4 During conditioning Pair neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus will cause the unconditioned response 5 After conditioned Neutral stimulus bell becomes conditioned stimulus will cause salivation called conditioned response 6 Unconditioned not learned 7 Conditioned learned 8 More pairings more response each time eventually hit a time where it will level off b Extinction i Present the conditioned response only bell with no meat leads to a decrease in behavior salivation ii After time there is a spontaneous recovery where the behavior comes back then eventually decreases again iii Stop pairing the CS and UCS iv Eventually UCS won t cause CR Classical conditioning in Human Behavior a Conditioned taste aversions i Eat dinner tonight while getting flu eat chocolate pie vomit later associate chocolate pie with vomiting b Emotional responses i Watson Rayner ii Conditioned an 11 month old Little Albert to fear a white rat iii Rat neutral stimulus iv Loud noise UCS v Startle fear UCR vi Pair the rat and the loud noise and the rat becomes the CS and the fear becomes the CR vii Stimulus generalization afraid of things that look similar to rat viii Results 1 Little Albert generalized fear to other fuzzy things 2 Watson Rayner didn t extinguish Little Albert s fear 3 Watson had an affair with Rayner a student and was kicked out of the university