INR 2002 Test 2 Notes Chapter 4 Domestic Politics and War Military Industrial Complex Can be referred to as The Iron Triangle Congress Military Defense Contractors lobbyists opposite o There is also a unique relationship between domestic actors Easier to lose an election if you are seen as soft on defense rather than the The U S spends more on national defense than all other countries combined Having a strong military industrial complex can increase benefits to going to war but the bargaining range model still shows that losses still do occur Do Bureaucracies Start War Bureaucracies make decisions about war and peace They often seek bigger budgets policy changes and personal promotion Is war a tool for what bureaucracies seek Bureaucratic interests may narrow the bargaining model but they do not start wars Bureaucratic Decision Making Organizational Process Model Standard Operating Procedures Governmental Politics Model Where you stand is where you sit Foreign policies are made from pushes and pulls between political actors Regime Type Do democracies behave differently than other countries o Democracies fight as often as other states o Democracies also tend not to fight each other Democratic peace there are few if any clear cases of war between mature democracies Democracies are not overall less war prone than other countries o They frequently go to war with non democracies Democratic Interests Accountability Voters usually prefer diplomacy to war In democracies decisions are made by leaders accountable to voters Democratic institutions slow down or stop the decision to fight Democratic Interactions Bargaining Democracies are more transparent Less able to bluff Challenges once made are more credible o Less information problems in bargaining Democracies may have higher audience costs More costly to make a challenge and then back down Does economics rather than democracy cause peace Golden Arches theory of conflict prevention McDonalds don t go to war with o Not true that the more developed a country is the less likely it is to go each other Economic development and peace to war Interest similarity Other criticisms of Democratic Peace Is it due to chance Democracies are too far away to fight India Pakistan case o Both went to war with democratically elected Gov however there is controversy surrounding this president wasn t aware war was established Will an entirely democratic world be peaceful Two democracies least war Two non democracies next most war One democracy and one non democracy most war o As you increase the amount of democracies in the world we initially see an increase in conflict but it then declines Will an entirely democratic world be peaceful Some support for increasing global democracy and decreasing war But we cannot say how much conflict there will be between non democracies even if the world is 90 democratic Chapter 5 International Institutions and War Anarchy creates variation in international responses to aggression because there are no global police How do different international institutions respond to violence o Alliances NATO o Collective Security Organizations UN Alliances Why Promise to Fight Someone else s war Alliances institutions that help countries cooperate militarily in the event of a war Can either be defensive or offensive Types of Alliances Ententes consultation agreements Nonaggression pacts if you get attacked I will not join your attacked Defense pacts If you re attacked I got your back Offense Pacts lets go attack another country Alliances and Alignments cooperate Alliances form when states have common interests that motivate them to In World War II Britain and France agreed to defend Poland because they believed it was crucial to their own interests Alliance Behavior Sometimes alliances form to maintain the balance of power Balancing vs Bandwagoning join the country with the most power Chainganging alliances work like a chain when one country goes to war it drags others in ex WW1 vs Buckpassing When your ally is attacked you run the opposite direction and don t defend Bargaining Between Two States Affects the Bargaining model when other countries are involved What do defensive alliances do Augment the power of member states deterring challenges Increase the costs of war expanding the bargaining range However they can also create problems of incomplete information Do Alliances prevent or promote war On one hand alliances deter challengers On the other hand alliances increase the problem of incomplete information Allies have private information about willingness to defend each other o Signaling credibility of alliances making alliances public Alliances and Incomplete Information To make alliances credible an ally must demonstrate its commitment o Costly signals and tying hands But this can create a moral hazard engaging in risky behavior because you have some type of insurance which can lead to war Germany s blank check to Austria Hungary Collective Security Organizations Differ from alliances All for one one for all Form under the common interest of preventing aggression in any form Collective Security League of Nations 1919 First global collective security organization International community determines when there is a threat to peace and Problems with League of Nations Needed unanimous agreement U S did not join mostly because they are still very isolated from other security countries Countries left when they wanted to pursue aggression The Dilemmas of Collective Security Global collective security agreement to replace League of Nation Collective Action problems Joint decision making problems United Nations Formed after WWII Structure of the UN General Assembly One State One vote Universal membership Mainly passes nonbinding resolutions Sets UN budget Structure of the UN Security Council 5 permanent members 10 non permanent members o Russia Great Britain United States China France permanent members Only countries in the world able to have nuclear weapons They have absolute veto power Resolutions need 9 of 15 votes to pass Collective security and the UN Prohibit aggression but allow self defense Security Council determines existence of threat to world peace May authorize economic or military sanctions Economic sanctions as collective security Security Council can punish aggressive regimes economically Rarely used sanctions during the Cold War More frequently uses sanctions post Cold War ex Iraq in the 1990s Military operations as
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