02 12 2014 sociology 201 3Chapter 1 Helps us to forces natural to us Paradox makes something that seems natural an see why it seems natural Sociology is the study of the human society Sociological imagination coined by wright mills 1 Connect our persona experiences to society at large and greater historical 2 make the familiar strange or to question habits or customs that seem social institutions are networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them Examples 1 legal system 2 the labor market 3 educational system 4 military family and more The way individuals define themselves in relationships to groups they are part of or in relationship to groups they choose not to be a part of Auguste comte society is better understood by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior called social physics or positivism Harriet Martineau first to translate comte written works to English one of the earliest feminist social scientist the primary cause of social change Karl Marx theory of historical materialism which identifies class conflict as Max Weber emphasis on subjectivity became a foundation of interpretive sociology Emile Durkheim founder of positivist sociology developed the theory that division of labor helps to determine how social cohesion is maintained or not maintained in that society Georg Simmel formal sociology or a sociology pure numbers for instance how a group of two is different than a group of three Modern sociological theories 1 functionalism crime has purpose 2 Conflict theory have and have nots 3 Feminist theory structured action 4 Symbolic interactionism can blue be a car 5 Postmodernism media shaping reality American sociology Early American sociology became prominent of the university of Chicago so the perspective that emerged became known as the Chicago school Chicago thinkers 1 Charles Horton Cooley 2 George Herbert mead 3 W I Thomas 4 W E B Dubois 5 Jane Addams The Chicago school focused on empirical research with the belief that people behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environment Sociology focuses on 1 Making comparison across case 2 Finds patterns and create hypotheses 3 Ask how societies work or have worked 4 Looks at how individuals interact 5 Looks at how groups interact with one another Microsociology understands local interactional contexts focusing on face to face encounters and gathering data through participant observations and in depth interviews Macrosociology looks at social dynamics across whole societies or large parts of them and often relies on statistical analysis to do so Mesosociology in between Chapter 2 Research methods standard rules that social scientist follow when trying to establish a casual relationship between social elements Quantitative methods obtain information about the social world that is in or can be converted to numeric form Qualitative methods collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form Two research Approaches deductive 1 Starts with a theory 2 Develops a hypothesis 3 Makes empirical observations 4 Analyze the data collected 5 Confirmed reject or modify theory Inductive approach 1 Starts with empirical observation 2 Discovers working themes 3 Works to rom a history two things simultaneously Inductive global warming 4 Determines if a correlation exists by noticing if a change is observed in 1 Data 2 Analysis 3 Findings 4 Theory 5 Hypothesis 1 Theory 2 Hypothesis 3 Data 4 Analysis 5 Findings Deductive takes a theory and data and test them Causality vs correlation Causality is the idea that a change in one factor iv results in a corresponding change in another factor DV 3 criteria to prove causation 1 correlation variation among two variables 2 temporal ordering one variable comes before the other 3 non spurious Relationship no alternative explanations variables Dependent variables DV out come that a researcher is trying to explain Independent variable IV measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable Moderating variable variable effecting the relationship between IV and DV Population group of individuals objects or items from which a sample can be Sample subset of population data is being collected on Operationalization precise measurement for measuring a term being studied drawn friendship Hypothesis proposed relationship between two variables Two types of hypothesis null hypothesis no relationship Alternative hypothesis versus stated hypothesis Validity data instrument measures what it s suppose to Reliability likelihood of obtaining consistent results Generalizability findings can apply to a larger group Types of data collection 1 Participant observation 2 Interviews 3 Survey research 4 Historical methods 5 Comparative research 6 Experimentation 7 Content analysis 8 Ethnography 9 Case study Researchers must meet codified standards which are set by professional associations academic institutions or research centers Guard against any physical emotional or psychological harm Must obtained informed consent and voluntary participation Culture can be loosely defined as a set of beliefs traditions and practices Culture human nature nature world vs human creation domination Culture superior man inferior man different ways of living and Culture man machine industry production vs intellection ethnocentrism refinement Material culture everything that is a part of our constructed environment Nonmaterial culture encompasses values beliefs behaviors and social norms ideology Different culture judgment Cultural relativism idea that we should recognize differences without Cultural scripts modes of behavior understanding that are not universal Subculture group united by sets of concepts values and or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others Culture reflects social structures and relationships Culture objects reflect the material labor and production relationships that ex hi hop and rap music country boy Marxist reflection theory went into making them Ex limited liability Ex This class Media are vehicles that carry present or communicative information Mass media is any form of media that reaches the mass of the people Hegemony refers to the impact of media on culture and how people and societies shape and are shaped by the dominate culture video time and governing through crime Media has spread American culture around the world which effects culture