Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination-Key Terms:Social Imagination- the ability to see connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history.Social Institution- a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role an reproduce themselves over timeEx. The legal system, labor market, the educational system, the militaryFunctionalism- the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society runningEx. Crime has purpose.Symbolic Interactionism- a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions-Our everyday personal encounters shape and reinforce our notions about class and social statusEx. Can blue be car?Postmodernism- a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pasticle, and multiple perhaps even conflicting identities resultingfrom disjointed affiliationsEx. Media shaping reality.Microsociology- seeks to understand local interactional contextsEx. How one individual student learnsMacrosociology- generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysisEx. Teaching aids across the university.Important People:Karl Marx- theory of historical materialism which identifies class conflict as the primary cause of social changeMax Weber- emphasis on subjectivity because a foundation of interpretive societyGeorg Simmel- formal sociology or a sociology of pure members (for instance, how a group of two is different from a group of three)What is social identity?The way individuals define themselves in relationship to the groups the are a part of, or in relationship to groups they choose not to be apart of.Who are the Chicago thinkers? (5)1. Charles Horton Cooley2. George Herbert Mead3. W.I. Thomas4. W.E.B. DuBois5. Jane AddmsWhat was the research that the Chicago thinkers focused on?The Chicago thinkers focused on empirical research, with the belief that people’s behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments.What is the focus of sociology?Sociology focuses on making comparisons across cases, find patterns and create hypotheses, asks how societies work or have worked, looks at how individuals interact, and looks at how groups interact with each otherChapter 2: Methods-Key Terms:Quantitative methods- seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric formQualitative methods- attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric formDeductive Approach- starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theoryInductive Approach- starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theoryCorrelation- simultaneous variation in two variablesCausality- change in one factor cause change in another1. CorrelationVariation among 2 variables2. Temporal OrderingOne variable comes before the other3. Non-spurious RelationshipNo alternative explanationsValidity- an instrument measures what you intend it toReliability- how likely you are to obtain the same result using the same measure the next timeGeneralizability- the extend to which we can claim that our findings can inform us about a group larger than the one we studiedParticipant Observation- aims to uncover the meanings people give to their behavior by observing their actions in practicesPublic Society- used to describe social research whose aims include sharing its findings with a wider audience in order to influence society instead of just studying itOperationalization- precise measurement for measuring a term being studiedWhat is reverse causality?A situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact is causing A.Chapter 3: Culture and Media-Key Terms:Culture- a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices of a particularNonmaterial culture- the values, beliefs, behaviors, and social normsMaterial culture- everything that was constructed in our physical environmentsIdeology- an understanding of cause and effectCultural relativism-Cultural scriptsSubcultureSocializationReflection TheoryMediaHegemonyConsumerismCulture JammingImportant People:Antonio GramseiChapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality-Key Terms:Socialization- process by which one learns how to play an activeChapter 9: Race-Key Terms:Race- a group of people who share a set of characteristic and a common blood lineRacism- the belief that members of a separate race posses unequal traitsScientific racism- 19th century theories of race brought a period of investigations into the origins, explanations, and classifications of raceSocial Darwinism- applying the theory of “survival of the fittest” to societyOne-Drop Rule- the belief that just one drop of blood makes a person blackKept the white population “pure”Evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenationMiscegenation- interracial marriageRacialization- the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries are formed around a formerly unnoticed group of peopleGiving a group of people who are minorities a new identitySymbolic ethnicity-Pluralism- the strength of ethnic ties resides in deeply felt or primordial ties to one’s culturePrejudice- negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial groupDiscrimination- harmful or negative acts towards people of another raceWhat are the group responses to domination? (4)Withdrawal- leaving negative conditionsPassing- blending into dominant groupAcceptance- shows compliance and hides resentmentResistance- change power hierarchyChapter 6: Social Control and Deviance-Key Terms:Social deviance: any transgression of socially established normsFarting in churchSocial cohesion: the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basisMechanical solidarity: based on sameness “birds of a feather”Organic solidarity: based on difference and interdependence of the partsSocial control: mechanisms that create normative compliance in individualsFormal Social sanctions: mechanisms of social control b which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behaviorInformal social sanctions: the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social lifeEx: Classroom