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Soc 201 Exam 2StratificationSocial stratification – STRUCTERD SOCIAL INEQUALITY- Example--in a sports organization: Owners control the resources of the teams, players earn high salaries, yet do not control the team resources, sponsors provide the resources, fans provide revenueDiverse sources of social stratification• Race, class, and gender are overlapping systems of stratificationViews of Inequality• Jean-Jacques Rousseau• Private property creates social inequality  social conflict• Social equality: no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status• Two forms of inequality• Physical (natural): age, health, bodily strength• Social (political): prejudices• Ferguson and Millar• Agreed with Rousseau• Inequality/conflict is good  some people are getting ahead and creating wealth• Thomas Malthus• Inequality is good  controls population• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel• Relationships based on master-slave model• Slave is dependent on master, master is dependent on slave• Never died out, still have today with employer-employee relationshipsDavis and Moore• Functionalists, stratification serves purpose in society• Society must distribute members within social positions, then motivate them to perform in those positions– Motivate by: Desire to fill position & desire to perform the duties in that position– Rewards:• Lures individuals into positions & distributes differentially according to position• 3 types• Sustenance & Comfort• Humor & Diversion• Self respect & Ego expansion• Ultimately gives rise to inequality– Positions become ranked according to functional importance and scarcity of personnelJackson – overview of stratificationStandards of Equality• Ontological equality: everyone is created equal at birth• Equality of opportunity: start with same opportunities, inequalities are fair• Equality of condition: everyone should have an equal starting point• Equality of outcome: everyone should end up with the same “rewards” regardless of starting point, opportunities, or contributionsForms of Stratification• Estate system: politically based, limited social mobility• Caste system: religion based, no social mobility • Class system: economically based system, somewhat loose social mobilityo Karl Marx: society strictly divided into 2 classes  the proletariat and the bourgeoisieo Erik Olin Wright: people can occupy location in class structure that fall between 2 strict classeso Max Weber: group people based on value of property and lack of property (value of labor)• The status hierarchy system  based on social prestigeo Status is determined by what society thinks of the lifestyle of the community• The elite-mass dichotomy system  that has a governing elite (a few leaders) who broadly hold the power of societyAmerica Stratified today• Socioeconomic status (SES): a person’s position in stratified social order• Income inequality is rising• Working poor  deserve assistance• Nonworking poor  can work but don’t, have a weaker moral claim on assistance• Globalization: rise in trade across national borders  main reason for rising income and wealth inequalitySocial Mobility• Moving between different positions in society, can be individual or group• Horizontal: same rung on the ladder• Vertical: moving up or down on the ladder• Structural mobility: mobility that is inevitable from economy changes (ex: expansion of high tech jobs)• Exchange mobility: people essentially trading positions  the number of overall jobs stays the same, with some people moving up and others moving down• Status-attainment model: rank people by SES, specify characteristics of those who end up in more desirable occupationsRaceRace vs EthnicityRace  based on the physical traits- Racial categories are randomly defined- Racial categories exist in systems where social groups are arranged in a hierarchical fashion- Race only has meaning situations where there is more than one racial group- “A group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as possessing distinctive hereditary traits”Ethnicity  develops from social experiences- Ethnic categories are geographically and historically defined- Ethnic groups can co-exist without social groups in hierarchies- Ethnicity has meaning independent of the existence of other social groups- “A group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits such as language, religion, family customs, and food preferences”Race – Two Perspectives- Essentialist/Biological perspective  race is fixed, biological categories- Sociological perspective  race is a social concept - physical or cultural characteristics take on social meanings, become the basis for racism and discrimination. What is Race? (Omi & Winant)• Racial Formation Theory: Element of social structure & human representation• Racial Projects: Processes thru which that link occurs10/16Criminal Justice System- Murder rates – African American males are the highest- White men with a criminal record were more likely to be called back for a job interview than black men without a criminal recordWhite Privilege - McIntosh- Not having to think about race- Racism puts some people at an advantage- Whites witness invisible white privilege – “blank checks” in the knapsack that allow people to be called back for a job over blacks - so powerful that whites do not even think about it, whiteness gives privilege over people of color- Reduce racism: need to recognize the privilege it gives youSymbolic Ethnicity- Voluntary ethnicity- Gain a sense of community, yet have individuality• Common in Whites in the USWhite Privilege and a Color Blind Society• Mental Steps  misleading conclusion• Whites claim various ethnicities while maintaining status as White- Ethnicity seen as a non-issue- Ethnicity mixed with race- Race and ethnicity are seen as the same thing (each seen as a non-issue.)- Conclusion: Because race is perceived as a non-issue in all-White settings, it is assumed that race is a non-issue in interracial settingso The majority culture benefits the most  whites believe segregation and discrimination are no longer an issue, discrimination is illegalo Race does not matter as long as non-dominant groups conform to the general values and expectations of the dominant group People are expected to adopt American names, become


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UD SOCI 201 - Exam 2

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