Life 103 Review: AnimalsAnimal fact of the day: Titanoboa- largest snake discovered in the world; lived 60-58 myaAquatic Biomes- Account for largest part of the biosphere in terms of area- Can contain fresh waterAnimals- Multicellular & heterotrophic eukaryotes w/ tissues that develop from embryonic layers- Nutrition Heterotrophic; ingest food- Cell Structure Lack cell walls Multicellular eukaryotes Bodies held together by structural proteins = collagen Nervous tissue & muscle tissue are unique Most reproduce sexually*In what order does animal development proceed? : Zygote Blastrula Gastrula- Existence Common ancestor: lived b/w 675-875 mya Closest living relatives = Choanoflagellates (Protists) Animal kingdom: great diversity of living & extinct speciesNeoproterozoic Era: 1 bya- 542 mya- Ediacaran biota, c. 565-550 mya 1st life on Earth Earliest members of animal fossils recordedPaleozoic Era: 542-251 mya- Cambrian Explosion, c. 535-525 mya- marks earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals Cause- new predator- prey & rise in atmospheric oxygenMesozoic Era “Age of Dinosaurs” : 251-65.5 mya - Coral reefs emerged- became important marine ecological niches for other organisms- 1st mammal emerged- Dinosaurs = dominant terrestrial vertebratesCenozoic Era “Age of Mammals”: 65.5- present- Followed the mass extinction of terrestrial & marine animals- Extinctions: large, nonflying dinosaurs & marine reptiles- Modern mammal orders & insects diversified during this eraAnimal Body PlanSymmetry- Radial or Bilateral (all humans)- Vertebrates = bilaterally symmetric- Invertebrates = some are radially symmetricTissues- Body plan vary according to organization of animal’s tissues- Tissues- collections of specialized cells Isolated from other tissues by membranous layers- During development- 3 germ layers give rise to tissues & organs of animal embryo Ectoderm - covers embryo’s surface Endoderm - innermost layer that lines developing digestive tube (archenteron)* Diploblastic = ectoderm & endoderm layers Triploblastic = have intervening mesoderm layer- include all bilaterans (humans & vertebrates)*Need-To-Know Questions on Animals- What Sponge cells are used to digest food? ~Amoeboocytes- What organism is not in the Lophotrochozoa clade? ~ Roundworm Includes: Flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, mollusks and annelids, such as animals Earthworm, slug, octopus, etc.- Why do cuttlefish change their colors and patterns? ~ To camouflage, attract mates & confuse prey- What part of the lobster includes the tail? ~The Abdomen- What distinguishes Craniate form other Chordates? ~A Head- What’s the difference between a Hagfish and a Lamprey? ~ Hagfish are NOT vertebrates - Birds are most closely related to whom? ~ Crocodiles - How do elephants stay cool in the heat? ~ Radiating heat from their ears- Which characteristic distinguished Mammals from Reptiles? ~ Produce Milk- What Phylum are Lampsilis mussels in? ~ Mollusca- Which system plays a more important role in the coordination and escape of predators? ~ the Nervous System- Where are most nutrients and materials digested? ~ The Small Intestine- All endotherms are homeotherms and all ectoderms are poikilotherms? ~ False- What is an advantage of counter-current heat exchange? ~It helps Reduce heat lossMore Info to Know- New World monkeys are NOT apes- Poikilotherm body temp. varies w/ environment- Homeotherm body temp. is relatively constant- Africa A Savannah biome- Fort Collins A Temperate Grassland- Microclimate = small space, e.g. under a log- Torsion- twisting of visceral mass that Gastropods undergo- Unique to Arthopoda = Wings- Counter-current Heat Exchange- Reduce Heat Loss- Hypothalamus = center for regulating body temperature- When comparing organisms: Most inclusive (the most organisms) to least inclusiveEcosystem Community Population Individual- Heart of a mollusk found in visceral mass- 3-chambered Heart = NOT an adaptation of birds- Fever- the change in the set-point of the body’s temperature- Oldest group of Tetrapods = Amphibians - Abiotic (nonliving) factors = water, temperature, precipitation, etc.- Biotic (living) factors = pathogens/disease, etc.More Specific Info About Animals- ALL Chordates Notochord, Dorsal/Hollow Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits/Clefts & Muscular/Post-anal Tail- Sponges = NO symmetry (asymmetrical), tissues, organs, or nervous system- Amniotic Egg Distinguished Amphibians & Reptiles from other Tetrapods- Flatworms = Triploblastic (3 germ layers), Bilateral, Acoelomate (no body cavity), GVC- Lancelets = 1st Chordates have all characteristics of a Chordate when an adult- Ecdysozoans = Most DIVERSE Arthropods & Nematodes- Deuterostomes = Echinoderms & Chordates- Unique to Echinodermata = Endoskeleton- Tetrapods Derived from Lobe-Fins (Fish)- Squamates = Snakes & Lizards- Amniotes = Placental Mammals, Egg-laying Mammals & Birds but NOT Amphibians- Differentiation of Teeth Unique to Mammals due to their diet- Ray-finned Fish = Most DIVERSE Vertebrates- Birds = Most Diverse Terrestrial Vertebrates- Ectoderms = most Amphibians & land-dwelling invertebrates- Endotherms = Mammals & Birds- Rise of 4 Limbs in Tetrapods derived from muscular pelvic & pectoral fins of the Lobe-Fins- Lampreys = 1st Vertebrates- Gnathostomes = 1st Vertebrates w/ Jaws Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, Skates) = 1st Jawed GnathostomesClades, Phyla & ClassesClade: Eumetazoa- Phylum: Cnidaria Oldest group in clade Digestion: Gastrovascular cavity 2 Body Plan: sessile polyp & motile medusa CarnivoresClade: Bilateria Bilateral Symmetry & Triploblastic- Lophotrochozoa Lophophore- ciliated tentacles that function in feeding Organisms: Flatworms, Rotifers, Ectoprocts, Brachiopods, Mollusks & Annelids E.g. Earthworm, Slug, Octopus, Clam, etc.o Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Class: Turbellaria Planarianso Phylum: Mollusca  3 Body Plan- Muscular Foot, Visceral Mass & Mantle Radula- used for feeding Class: Gastropoda Snails & Slugs Class: Cephalopoda Squids, Octopus, Cuttlefish & Nautiluso Phylum: Annelida Class: Oligochaeta Earthworm Class: Polychaeta Polychaetes Class: Hirudinea