LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture II. How to Study for this Class III. Where do Fungi get their Energy? a. Carbonb. Grows into food c. Plant/fungal interactionsd. Parasitice. Symbiotic IV. Anatomy of a Fungi V. Sex VI. Diversity a. ExamplesOutline of Current Lecture VII. Basics of ProtistsVIII.4 Different Supergroups a. Excavata b. “SAR” cladec. Archaeplastidad. Unikonta IX. Why Care? Current Lecture: Protists: “The Junk Drawer of Taxonomy” Most Eukaryotes are single-celled organismsI. Eukaryotes have: I. Membrane-bound organellesII. Cytoskeleton within cellsI. Movement and structure Protists are the junk drawer of evolutionary taxonomyIII. 4 supergroups within Eukarya IV. DiverseI. Feeding strategiesII. Reproduction strategiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. The thing protists have in common is that they are all eukaryotes EndosymbiosisI. Root wordsI. Endo- within or insideII. Sym- with III. Biosis – lifeIV. “Life within life” II. Mitochondria and PlastidsI. Contain their own DNAII. Special membrane structure Protist Diversity III. 4 super groupsI. Excavata II. “SAR” cladeIII. ArchaeplastidaIV. Unikonta V. Fig. 28.2 ExcavataIV. “Excavated” groove on body V. 3 monophyletic groupsI. DiplomonadsII. ParabasalidsIII. EuglenozoansVI. Diplomonads and ParabasalidsI. Lack plastids and have very unique mitochondriai. Can produce hydrogen gas as a byproduct of respirationII. Parasitici. Ex: Giardia intestinalisVII. EuglenazoaI. Mix of feeding typesII. All have a rod with either a spiral or crystal in their flagella i. Typanosoma III. Eyespots SAR CladeI. Three major cladesI. StramenophilesII. AlveolatesIII. RhizariansII. Stramenophiles (straw hair) I. Hairy flagella II. Diatoms, gold, and brown algaei. Diatoms used in many commercial products ii. Estimated 100,000 extant diatom speciesiii. SiO2 casing III. PhotosyntheticIII. Alveolates (membrane sacs) I. Membrane bound sacs under the cellular membrane called alveoli II. Dinoflagellatesi. Armored cells ii. Red tides III. Apicomplexans i. All parasites, named for structures used to attack host cells ii. I.e. Plasmodium- cause malaria IV. Ciliatesi. Paramecium IV. Rhizarians I. Cercozoans, radiolarians, foramsII. Pseudopodia and cytoplasmic streaming through hair-like appendages V. SAR Clade Rhizarians RadiolaransI. Radial symmetryi. Thread like pseudopods ii. Major player in ocean ecosystems iii. Heterotrophic a. Use pseudopods to capture and funnel pray towards center f body for consumption (not unlike starfish)II. SAR CladeRhizariansForamineferansI. “Little hole bearer” –Latin translationII. Ancient i. We used foram fossils to determine how warm the oceans used to be III. Abundant i. Most forams we have IDs for are fossils IV. Capture algae and live off of their photosynthetic products III. SAR Clade RhizariansCercozoansI. Phagocytosis for feeding i. Case for endosymbiosis (Paulinella) a. Engulfed ancient bacteria II. Parasites and predators Archaeplastida I. 3rd supergroupII. Parent group of modern land plants I. All photosynthetic III. Consist of: I. Red algae II. Green algae IV. Red Algae I. Uses a red pigment, phycoerythrin, to absorb blue and green light i. Blue light penetrates deeper into the ocean than other wavelengths, so red algae have been found as deep as 260 m (853 ft.)! ii. Used in sushi and a variety of other foods iii. Mostly multicellular, but lack true tissues due to no specialization of cells (think Legos) V. Green Algae I. Similar pigments to land plantsi. Land plants share a common ancestor with green algaeii. New biotech applicationsII. Some discussion of including them in the “true” plant group III. Two subgroupsi. Charophytes- very similar to land plants ii. ChlorophytesI. Forms coloniesII. Forms multicellular bodiesIII. Multinucleate cells UnikontsI. Most animal and fungus like protists I. More evolutionary similar than other protists II. Possess “typical” mitochondria III. Two major groups: I. AmoebazoansII. Opisthokonts IV. AmoebazoansI. Slime moldsi. “Super cell” bodyI. Both individual cells or one massive cell ii. Can navigate through an environment iii. Team playersI. Not everyone gets to reproduce II. Tubulindsi. Abundant, important, and not terribly interesting III. Entamoebas i. Parasiticii. Cause of amoebic dysentery which causes 100,000 deaths a year across the planet V. OpisthokontsI. Contain the protists most closely related to fungi and animals So…why do We Care about Protists? I. Symbiotic protistsI. Termite gut symbiontsII. Dinoflagellates and coralII. Photosynthetic protistsI. Foundation of food websi. It is estimated that 30% of the planets photosynthesis is performed by protistsii. This paradigm could be upset through continued warming and acidification of the