LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture II. Organizing the Diversity of LifeIII. Taxonomy I. Science of classifying things IV. Phylogenetic TreesV. Different Ways to ClassifyVI. Changes to ClassificationVII. Horizontal Gene Transfer and its ComplicationsI. Movement of genes from one genome to another Outline of Current Lecture: Fungi VIII.How to Study for this Class IX. Where do Fungi get their Energy? I. CarbonII. Grows into food III. Plant/fungal interactionsIV. ParasiticV. Symbiotic X. Anatomy of a Fungi XI. Sex XII. Diversity Current LectureII. Side note: If you are really interested in biology, read Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins How to Study for this Class III. Lectures cover key course materialIV. These topics are usually covered in additional detail in the text V. Key reading sections are always indicated at the end of these notesVI. You should study the extra detail in the book as well VII. You should understand and be able to draw and label diagrams shown in lectureVIII. You should know and understand terms and processes described in lecture. Learn these to the level described in the lecture and class Where do Fungi get their Energy? These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Heterotroph (“other” + “feed”) I. Consume organic carbon, like animals III. Saprophytic (“rotten” + “plant”)I. Digestive enzymes excreted from surfaceII. Digestible compounds reabsorbedIII. No stomach, grow into their food IV. Mycorrhizal (“fungus” + “plant”)I. Form a relationship with plants V. Parasitic (+ -) I. Taking energy from a living host VI. Symbiotic (+ +) I. Lichens Anatomy I. Single-celled = “yeast” II. Many are multi-cellular III. Chitin = strong, flexible cell wall material I. Plant cell walls (cellulose), more rigid IV. Hyphae = tiny filaments with very high surface area V. Mycelium = interwoven mass of hyphae (like dreadlocks)VI. Mycorrhizal association: Fig. 31.4, pg. 650 (listed as Haustoria) I. Funny shape allows for more exchange surfaces Sex I. Fungi can have an unusual sexual cycleII. Plasmogamy (“plasma” + “join”) = when cytoplasms of two parents merge, but nuclei do not III. Heterokaryonic (“different” + “nuclei”) = containing unfused nuclei within a mycelium IV. Karyogamy (“nuclei” + “join”) = when nuclei from parents join, result = diploid V. Clicker question: What does it mean to be Dikaryonic?  Answer: two nuclei VI. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction chart: Fig. 31.5, pg. 652VII. Know what haploid and diploid are VIII. Heterokaryotic stage: there is no dominance of genes. Alleles from both parents are expressed IX. Clicker question: Where is mitosis happening in the reproduction chart figure? Answer: Germination, when the cell becomes haploid Diversity of Fungi I. Fig. 31-UN1, pg. 654Important GroupsII. Zygomycetes: most ecologically diverse groupI. Fruit rots, ferment, tempeh, pathogens, soilII. Bread molds III. Glomeromycetes: I. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant rootsII. Acquire phosphorus and nitrogen for plants in exchange for carbon III. Fig. 31.15 IV. “Higher Fungi” I. AscomycetesII. Basidiomycetes AscomycetesI. Ascus [Greek askos = “wineskin”]a. Location of nuclear fusion and meiosis, form ascosporesb. Ascospores ejected from ascus (think puffballs) II. 65% of all described fungi (65,000 species)III. Nutritionally diversea. Jet fuel, wall paint, mycorrhizae, in lichens IV. Ex: Fig. 31.15 a. Brewer’s yeast, morels, fungal part of lichens, Penicillin BasidiomycetesI. “Basidium” = little pedestal a. Mycelium develops basidium where spores are formed II. 34% of described species III. Many are critical for decomposing dead organic matter IV. Crop pathogens: “rusts” and “smuts” attack wheatV. Ex: Fig. Fig.