LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture II. Studying the Biology of Organisms III. Patterns in Diversity IV. Syllabus informationa. Teachersb. Labc. Notesd. Studyinge. ExamsV. Becoming a Scientist Outline of Current Lecture VI. Organizing the Diversity of LifeVII. Taxonomy a. Science of classifying things VIII. Phylogenetic TreesIX. Different Ways to ClassifyX. Changes to ClassificationXI. Horizontal Gene Transfer and its Complicationsa. Movement of genes from one genome to another Current LectureHow Have Biologists Organized Life? II. Bins older III. Trees newerHow do you organize the diversity of life? IV. Carl Linnaeus (1707 to 1778) V. Organized them into binsVI. Create “bins” of similar organisms a. “Taxonomy” is the science of classifying things b. Hierarchical structure with big bins containing smaller bins VII. Linnaeus’s hierarchical classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VIII. Bins at the highest taxonomic level are kingdomsIX. The most similar are in the same species Binomial Classification X. Any two animals of the same species can produce viable offspring XI. The scientific name of each species is referred to by its genus and species name XII. The use of a scientific name helps avoid confusion (deer, oak tree) XIII. Fig. 26.3 (slide 5) Goal of Taxonomy XIV.An accurate taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relatedness XV. Individuals within a bin should contain all the organisms that share a common ancestor a. Wolves and coyotes are both in the family canidae b. Their common ancestor had dog-like characteristics XVI. A phylogeny is a branching diagram that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms XVII. Fig. 26.4 (slide 7) Phylogenetic Trees XVIII. Hypothesis about evolutionary relationshipsXIX. Branches provide information, being adjacent does not XX. Data sourcesa. Morphological characters (physical features) b. Molecular characters (DNA sequences) XXI. Correct answer to Fig. 26  C XXII. Correct answer to Fig. 26.10  A (monophyletic group) a. Paraphyletic groupb. Polyphyletic groupAn organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome XXIII. Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness is a valuable toolfor tracing organism’s evolutionary history XXIV. DNA that codes for rRNA changes slowly a. Useful for history over hundreds of millions of years XXV. mtDNA evolves rapidly a. Used to explore recent evolutionary events XXVI. Helps with divergence Biologists have NOT FINISHED organizing XXVII. New species are still being discoveredXXVIII. New molecular (DNA) data is being gathered from known speciesXXIX. New phylogenetic trees are being constructed XXX. Although Linnaeus began studying the relationship among species, the work is FAR from overXXXI. Natural history is the scientific process of identifying patterns in nature Recent Major RevisionsXXXII. Before 1969: 3 Kingdoms a. Plants, animals, protistsXXXIII. 1969 to 1990: 5 kingdoms a. Plants, animals, fungi, protists, monera (bacteria, etc.) XXXIV. 1990: 3 domains a. Eukaryab. Archaea c. Bacteria XXXV. Fig. 26.21 XXXVI. More closely related to Archaea (Eukarya) than Bacteria XXXVII. Fig. 26.21 C, closer look at Eukarya XXXVIII. Protists organization was Polyphyletic before it was revised A Simple Tree of Life XXXIX. The tree of life suggests that eukaryotes and archaea are more closely related to each other than to bacteria XL. The tree of life is based largely on rRNA genes, as these have evolved slowly Horizontal Gene TransferXLI.There have been substantial interchanges of genes between organisms in different domainsXLII. Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genes from one genome to another XLIII. Horizontal gene transfer complicates efforts to build a tree of life Endosymbiotic Theory XLIV. Lynn Margulis (1977) proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts in Eukaryotes came from symbiotic bacteria XLV. Endo- (within) –symbionts (living together) XLVI. Fig. 26.22 Clicker questions: Which two are closely related? Eukarya and