LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture II. Main SectionsI. AnatomyII. GrowthIII. Main Plant OrgansI. RootsII. StemsOutline of Current Lecture IV. Main SectionsI. Anatomy II. Growth V. Main Plant OrgansI. Roots II. StemsIII. LeavesVI. Terms to look up VII. 3 Tissues I. DermalII. VascularIII. Ground VIII. Plant Development IX. Meristems X. Fig. 35.11 XI. Fig. 35.12 XII. Primary GrowthXIII. Secondary Growth XIV.Root Growth Current Lecture: Plant Structure and Development 1 and 2 Main sections I. AnatomyI. StructuresII. Cells These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Growth I. Cells A summary of LifeI. Reproduce (ultimate goal) I. Eat II. GrowIII. Avoid dying II. Fig. 35.2 (a diagram of a dicot) I. Take stuff above ground and call it the shoot systemII. Stuff below ground are the root systems III. Axillary bud- where new branch can come out IV. Leaf: blade plus petiole (holds leaf to the stem) V. Vegetative shoot: structure that comes out, an apical bud is at the end (apex = top)3 Main Plant Organs: Root I. Roots I. Anchors the plant in place II. Absorbs minerals and waterIII. Store carbohydrates II. Taproot: main vertical root I. Present in most gymnosperms and eudicots II. Deeply penetrates III. Lateral roots: branch off taproot IV. Root hairs: grow off lateral roots I. Finer roots that access water and nutrientsII. Have very high surface area 3 Main Plant Organs: Stem I. Stalk upon which leaves growI. Shoot system: stem + leavesII. Nodes: point on stem where leaves are attached III. Internodes: stem segments between nodes IV. Axillary bud: structure that can form a lateral shoot I. Growth inhibited by proximity to apical bud V. Apical (terminal) bud: elongation point of a growing shoot I. Composed of developing leaves, nodes and internodes 3 Main Plant Organs: Leaf I. Main photosynthetic organII. Blade: flattened structureIII. Petiole: small “leaf stem” that joins the leaf to the stem at a node (where the leaf begins) Anatomy terms to learn on your ownI. RootsI. Prop roots, storage rootsII. StemsI. Rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, tubers (all modified stem products) III. LeavesI. Simple, compound, doubly compoundII. Tendrils, spines, bractsTissues I. Fig. 35.8 II. Three types of tissuesI. Dermal tissue (outer, skin layer)II. Ground tissue III. Vascular tissue 3 Tissue SystemsI. Dermal tissue: outer protective layerI. Epidermis: outer layer of cells II. Cuticle: waxy coating over epidermis (prevents against water loss)III. Example: root hair = extended epidermal cell II. Vascular tissue: long-distance transport of materials between root and shoots (pterophytes were the first to have this) I. Xylem: conducts H2O and minerals up from roots to shoots II. Phloem: transports sugars to where needed III. Stele (“pillar”): vascular tissue, collectively (organized in the middle) i. Special to eudicots III. Ground tissue: neither dermal nor vascular I. Pith: internal to vascular tissueII. Cortex: external to vascular tissue Plant DevelopmentI. Differentiation: developmental changes in a cell’s cytoplasm, organelles and/or cell wall during developmentII. ***Review figures 6.9 and 6.28 about plant cell structure***III. Learn the examples of differentiated plant cells in Fig. 35.10 MeristemsI. Meristem: (“divided”) tissue that is perpetually embryonic (animals ex: stem cells) II. Apical meristem: located at apical bud of shoots and roots (there’s also the axillary buds that the apical bud turns off when it grows) I. Allows “primary growth” in length (taller and longer) III. Lateral meristem: allows “secondary growth” stem thickening in woody plants (wider)I. Vascular meristem: add layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloemII. Cork cambium: replaces epidermis with tough periderm IV. Fig. 35.11 I. Primary growth i. Towards the center of the plant: primary xylemii. Outside the xylem: phloem II. Secondary growthi. Older than primary growth ii. Has inner and outer layers iii. Turquoise and orange knobs are primary and secondary xylem and phloemiv. Get the cork cambium that creates new protective cellsv. Vascular cambium: produces new vascular tissue vi. Xylem in middlevii. Vascular cambium out of themviii. Phloem outside of them ix. When vascular cambium baby comes in, phloem grows III. Apical meristem: cigarette burning backwards V. Fig. 35.12 Today’s TopicsI. Primary growth (length) I. Root anatomy and growthII. Shoot anatomy and growthII. Secondary growth (girth)I. Cambium and growthII. WoodIII. Fig. 35.13 I. Cytokinesis and mitosis at the bottom II. Zone of elongation: cells of the cell walls are loosened so they stretch out III. Zone of differentiation: where cells become specialized Root Growth I I. Root cap: cluster of protective, slimy cells that protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil II. Roots grow through cell activity in 3 zones: I. Zone of division: meristem area where mitosis and cytokinesis produce new cells II. Zone of elongation: cells lengthenIII. Zone of differentiation: cells become a distinct cell type IV. Remember to study the cell types in Fig.