LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ecology: the most important field of science (very brief, not on the exam) II. TranspirationIII. Stomata IV. Movement of sugarsI. Source II. Sink Outline of Current LectureI. Movement of sugarsII. PollinationIII. Animals attracted to pollen I. BeesII. Moths and butterfliesIII. BirdsIV. FliesV. BatsIV. Seeds I. CotyledonII. HypocotylThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. EpicotylIV. Seed coat V. ReproductionI. Fragmenting II. Self-fertilization Current Lecture: Resource and Transport II + Angiosperm ReproductionMovement of sugarsI. Translocation: movement of sugars from one part of a plant to anotherI. Sugar source: place where sugars are produced II. Sugar sink: place where sugars are consumed or deposited II. Transported through phloemI. Composed of sieve tube elements that are connected into sieve tubesII. Phloem sap: the sugary solution that flows through phloemIII. Trip from mesophyll cell to sieve tubes can be apoplastic or symplastic route IV. Water pressure goes up when you add sugar to a cell, pushes through the plant’s body III. Fig. 36.19IV. Clicker question: if a sugar molecule is in the apoplastic space, how does it get back into the symplasm?  cotransported with H+ V. A molecule that is outside the cell membrane CANNOT diffuse across the cell membrane, not a lot can diffuse through a cell membrane VI. Transport proteins are the gateways for the sugars VII. Fig. 36.21VIII. Fig. 35.18 IX. Fig. 36.20 Pressure in phloemI. Sugar is pumped from source areas into sieve tubesII. Sugar-rich sieve tubes take on water and pressure increasesIII. Phloem sap moves from high pressure to low pressure areasIV. In sink areas, sugar is pumped out of sieve tubes. Then water leaves and pressure is reduced Angiosperm reproductionI. Fig. 38.1, a bee trying to have sex with an orchid shows pollination, probably because of smell, color, etc.II. Flowers allow plants to decide who to have sex with Pollination I I. Ecologists’ study: interaction of organisms with each other and with their environment. The distribution and abundance of organismsII. Most angiosperms require animals to transfer pollenI. Flower structure uniquely altered to attract pollinators, deposit pollen on their bodies, and receive pollen from their bodies II. Fig. 38.4 I. Pollination by wind, seen with hazel II. Pollination by bees, seen with dandelions III. Pollination by moths and butterflies, seen with yucca Pollination II I. Bees: drawn to yellow, blue & UV-colored flowersII. Moths and butterflies: drawn to fragrant white flowersIII. Birds: drawn to nectar-rich flowers. Nectaries sometimes “guarded” by long floral tube IV. Flies: drawn to flowers like dead meat (!) V. Bats: drawn to fragrant, white, nectar-rich flowers VI. Fig. 38.4: examples of animals getting pollen Seeds I. Fig. 38.8 I. Cotyledons: leaf embryoII. Hypocotyl: below the cotyledons III. Epicotyl: above the cotyledonsII. Fig. 38.9 I. Describes the process of the seed growing II. See a loss of dry mass until real photosynthesis occurs because you lose carbon dioxideit takes energy to rebuild molecules and tissues Reproduction tidbitsSome plants reproduce by fragmentingI. Genet: clonal colony of genetically identical individuals I. Ex: aspen trees II. Ramet: individual plant that is part of a genet, sprouted from roots of neighbor ramets Self-fertilizationI. To take advantage of benefits of sexual reproduction, plants often have mechanisms to reduce the likelihood of self-fertilization I. Dioecious species: have separate male and female individuals II. Anatomy: stigma located far from anthersII. Self incompatibility: biochemical mechanism to stop fertilization by “self”