PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard Atlantic Cape Community College C H A P T E R 25 The Urinary System Part A Annie Leibovitz Contact Press Images 2013 Pearson Education Inc Kidney Functions Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water Regulating ECF ion concentrations Ensuring long term acid base balance Removal of metabolic wastes toxins drugs 2013 Pearson Education Inc Kidney Functions Endocrine functions Renin regulation of blood pressure Erythropoietin EPO regulation of RBC production Stimulated by a change in blood pressure Activation of vitamin D Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting Produce carbohydrates 2013 Pearson Education Inc Urinary System Organs Kidneys major excretory organs Ureters transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder Urinary bladder temporary storage reservoir for urine Urethra transports urine out of body 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 1 The urinary system Hepatic veins cut Esophagus cut Inferior vena cava Adrenal gland Aorta Iliac crest Rectum cut Uterus part of female reproductive system 2013 Pearson Education Inc Renal artery Renal hilum Renal vein Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney Anatomy Retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region T12 to L5 Right kidney crowded by liver lower than left Adrenal suprarenal gland atop each kidney Convex lateral surface concave medial surface vertical renal hilum leads to renal sinus Ureters renal blood vessels lymphatics and nerves enter and exit at hilum 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall 12th rib 2013 Pearson Education Inc Kidney Anatomy Layers of surrounding supportive tissue Anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective Renal fascia tissue Perirenal fat capsule Fatty cushion Fibrous capsule Prevents spread of infection to kidney 2013 Pearson Education Inc Internal Anatomy Renal cortex Renal medulla pyramids Granular appearing superficial region Composed of cone shaped medullary renal Pyramids separated by renal columns Inward extensions of cortical tissue 2013 Pearson Education Inc Internal Anatomy Papilla Lobe tissue 8 kidney Renal pelvis Tip of pyramid releases urine into minor calyx Medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical Funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter 2013 Pearson Education Inc Internal Anatomy Minor calyces Drain pyramids at papillae Major calyces Collect urine from minor calyces Empty urine into renal pelvis Urine flow Renal pyramid minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter 2013 Pearson Education Inc Homeostatic Imbalance Pyelitis Infection of renal pelvis and calyces Pyelonephritis Infection inflammation of entire kidney Normally successfully treated with antibiotics 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall Anterior Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity organs removed Renal vein Renal artery Body of vertebra L2 Body wall 2013 Pearson Education Inc Posterior Inferior vena cava Aorta Supportive tissue layers Renal fascia anterior posterior Perirenal fat capsule Fibrous capsule Figure 25 3 Internal anatomy of the kidney Renal hilum Renal cortex Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule Photograph of right kidney frontal section Diagrammatic view 2013 Pearson Education Inc Blood and Nerve Supply Kidneys cleanse blood adjust its composition rich blood supply Renal arteries deliver 1200 ml of cardiac output to kidneys each minute Arterial flow into and venous flow out of kidneys follow similar paths Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 4a Blood vessels of the kidney Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Ureter Renal medulla Renal cortex 2013 Pearson Education Inc Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels Figure 25 4b Blood vessels of the kidney Aorta Inferior vena cava Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus capillaries Nephron associated blood vessels see Figure 25 7 2013 Pearson Education Inc b Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels Structural and functional units that form Nephrons urine 1 million per kidney Two main parts Renal corpuscle Renal tubule 2013 Pearson Education Inc Renal Corpuscle Two parts of renal corpuscle Glomerulus Tuft of capillaries fenestrated endothelium highly porous allows filtrate formation Glomerular capsule Bowman s capsule Cup shaped hollow structure surrounding glomerulus 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 5 Location and structure of nephrons Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Glomerular capsule parietal layer Ureter Kidney Renal corpuscle Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Basement membrane Podocyte Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Apical microvilli Glomerular capsule visceral layer Mitochondria Proximal convoluted tubule Cortex Medulla Thin segment Nephron loop Descending limb Ascending limb Thick segment Collecting duct 2013 Pearson Education Inc Highly infolded basolateral membrane Proximal convoluted tubule cells Apical side Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells Nephron loop thin segment cells Principal cell Intercalated cell Collecting duct cells Renal Corpuscle Glomerular capsule Parietal layer simple squamous epithelium Visceral layer branching epithelial podocytes Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 5 Location and structure of nephrons 2 of 7 Glomerular capsule parietal layer 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 25 5 Location and structure of nephrons 3 of 7 Basement membrane Podocyte Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus Glomerular capsule visceral layer 2013 Pearson Education Inc Renal Tubule Three parts Proximal convoluted tubule Proximal closest to renal corpuscle Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Distal farthest from renal corpuscle 2013 Pearson Education Inc Renal Tubule Proximal convoluted tubule PCT Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli brush border surface area large mitochondria Functions