Eight Hours for What We Will Unionization and the Labor Movement I Working Conditions in U S Factories c late 19th century a Sanitation bad b Working hours long c Dirty loud unsanitary dangerous fatal 35 000 industrial deaths per year i d Work style regimented repetitive on the clock i Taylorism scientific management system for labor e Deskilling of labor f Wages low i Average 100 200 below the poverty line II Unionization and Strikes Workers Resist Industrial Conditions a Unionization forming unions to improve working conditions via strikes etc b 1866 National Labor Union i First union small not aggressive c 1877 Great Railroad Strike i ii iii Ohio wages cut 20 strike RR important because main transportation Government calls in military Rutherford B Hayes III 1870s 1880s Knights of Labor a Founded by Terrance Powderly b Allowed almost anybody to join i ii Unskilled laborers women African Americans Completely excluded Chinese c radical goals increased wages fewer hours equal pay d The Eight Hour Movement 1886 e Haymarket Square Riots Summer 1886 Spells the end of for women the Knights 1 i ii Chicago 80 000 people show up goes peacefully until a scuffle with police a few days later there is a bomb 1886 American Federation of Labor More respectable a Founded by Samuel Gompers b Limited membership skilled laborers only IV V More Radical Unions often repressed by authorities a United Mine Workers of America Ludlow Massacre 1914 i Book Voices of Protest b Industrial Workers of the World Wobblies very radical socialists communists anarchists etc VI 1892 Homestead Steel Strike Andrew Carnegie fights back 2
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