Lecture 2 – Union Restored or Renewed? Presidential vs. Radical ReconstructionReadings: Chapter 14 – Emancipations and Reconstructions, 1863-1877Lecture 3 – Reconstruction & the Fate of the FreedmanReadings:Lecture 4 - Westward Expansion and the Fate of Native AmericaReadings: Chapter 15 – The West, 1865-1896Lecture 5 – Ingredients of Industrialization: Forging the Age of CapitalReadings: Chapter 16 – Industrial America, 1877-1900Lecture 6 – Eight Hours for What We Will: Industrialization and the Labor MovementReadings: Chapter 17 – Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877-1900Lecture 7 – Farmer Brown Strikes Back: The Populist revolt Against IndustrialismReadings: Chapter 17: Pullman StrikeLecture 8 – The Other Half: Immigration and Urbanization in the Industrial EraReadings: Chapter 18 – Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880-1914Lecture 9 – Taking the Edge Off Industrialism: The Era of Progressive ReformReadings: Chapter 19 – Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900-1917Lecture 10 – The Eagle Abroad: Democracy in the Age of ImperialismReadings: Chapter 20 – Empire and Wars, 1898-1918Lecture 2 – Union Restored or Renewed? Presidential vs. Radical ReconstructionReadings: Chapter 14 – Emancipations and Reconstructions, 1863-1877I. Reconstruction: Reuniting a Nation Torna. How much “reconstruction?” Who will be in charge? How far will Reconstructiongo? What about former slaves?1. Struggles of Reconstruction:i. Thousands are dead after the warii. 4 million new freed slavesII. A Snapshot of America, 1865a. Small, rural, tormented by a civil war, deeply tormented by what is supposed to happen (slaves vs. white southerners). While southerners are hoping for a short and smooth reconstruction Meanwhile, up north, northerners are deeply divided over what should happen. A vast majority of people living in small farm towns. People could be a white supremacist and also be opposed to slaveryIII. Presidential Reconstruction – the “gentle approach”a. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)1. Proclamation of 1863 – Lincoln set up a process for political Reconstruction, as in reconstructing the state governments in the Southso that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. Full presidential pardons for most southerners who either took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, a state government could be re-established and accepted as legitimate by the US president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath, each southern state needed to rewrite Constitution to eliminate slavery.1. Established the basic parameters of President Lincoln’s approach to Reconstruction. The plan would have readmitted the South to the Union on relatively lenient terms.2. issued by Lincoln, offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipationb. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) the racial moderate1. His take on slavery: was a republican but not an abolitionist but didn’t want it to spread to western territories. Realized slavery is the heart and soul of the confederacyi. Domestic Affairs, Secession Crisis, Homestead Act 1862, Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862, Emancipation Proclamation (Freedom Manifesto), Civil Warc. Andrew Johnson – Continuing Lincoln’s “gentle approach”1. Johnson versus the Radicals IV. Radical Reconstruction – the “get tough” approacha. Black Codes and the Ex-Confederates1. Black Codes – southern states passed these which intended to reduce African Americans to a condition as close to slavery as possible. The codes made it hard for blacks to leave plantations unless they proved they could support themselves.2. law aimed to oppress black people; says black adults must be employed even though they are free; an attempt to recreate slavery by other means 3. Ex-Confederates – Former confederate soldiers in a secret societythat opposed Reconstruction and established Black Codes. Were responsible for many acts of violence and terror against African Americans including lynching. Wanted to maintain white supremacy and to stop the South from rising again.b. Constitutional changes: 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments1. 13th Amendment: abolished slavery2. 14th Amendment: gave citizenship and equal protection to black people under the law; in 1857 court rules blacks do not have citizenship; this amendment overturned that rule.3. 15th Amendment 1870: US cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed. This gave the right to vote for black men; they commonly voted republican4. The Short-Lived Era of Black Political Influence in the Southc. Freedman’s Bureau –The most important federal agency that emancipated slavescalled on for assistance and support. The newly formed Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Created by Congress in in 1865 and signed intolaw by President Lincoln, the bureau provided ex-slaves with economic, legal resources, and obtaining land. Played an active role in shaping black life in the postwar South. Upset southerners due to their lack of help. Ended in 1872: first to establish schools for blacks to learn to read (teachers from north came south). Attacked by KKK and other southerners as “Carpetbaggers.” Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged free Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, tec.1. Democratic flier opposing Freedman’s Bureau Bill, 1866: “agency to keep the negro in idleness at the expense of the white man. Twice vetoed by the president, and made a law by Congress. Support congress and you support the negro, sustain the president and you protect the white man.”d. OccupationV. Impeaching Andrew Johnson 1867a. First Presidential Impeachment: House of Representatives voted for Johnson’s impeachment on February 24th, 1868 in DC because Senate trial fell one vote short of necessary 2/3 for removal of office. Johnson was able to continue serving his term. b. Tenure of Office Act (1867): passed by Congress, which prevented Johnson fromfiring cabinet officers sympathetic to congressional reconstruction. This measure barred the chief executive from removing from office any appointee that theSenate had ratified previously without returning to the Senate for approval. Johnson was impeached but not convicted of violating this act.---Stated if the president wants to fire someone,
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