2 3 tials brain Sleep Dreamzzz 1 ical clock Understand the biology of our circadian rhythms circadian rhythm the regular bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period the biolog circadian rhythm is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN of the hypothalamus which responds to light and triggers the pineal gland to decrease melatonin natural method to wake up most sleepy maximum melatonin production couple hours after sunset What is an EEG EEG electroencephalograph measures brain activity by picking up the action poten you put electrodes on their scalp and see what sort of electrical activities you get in the How long is a general sleep cycle sleep stages sleep occurs in a repeating pattern of distinct stages that occurs over 90 min utes 60 min NREM 30 min REM REM sleep beta waves stage 3 and 4 slow delta waves What are the different sleep stages awake and alert awake but drowsy stage 1 NREM sleep stage 2 NREM sleep sleep spindles K complexes stage 3 NREM sleep delta waves stage 4 NREM sleep delta waves REM sleep fast active brain waves accompanied by rapid eye movements What is happening during REM sleep physiological arousal heart rate rises breathing becomes rapid genitals are aroused sleep paralysis occurs when the brainstem blocks the motor cortex s messages and the 4 5 muscles don t move 6 7 also known as paradoxical sleep the brain is active but the body is immobile fast brain wave activity beta waves similar to when a person is awake and alert most dreaming takes place durning REM sleep unconscious working memory What is REM rebound REM rebound when deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep we show in creased time in REM sleep length of REM sleep increases the longer you remain asleep and towards the end of the night there is less deep stage 3 and 4 sleep How do our sleep cycles change throughout the night what is this q asking 60 min NREM 30 min REM 8 How do our sleeping patterns change across our lifetimes as we get older we need less and less sleep we spend of our lives sleeping 9 What are some general guidelines for good sleep hygiene if an individual remains awake for several days immune function and concentration dete riorates and the risk of accidents increases avoid daytime napping get exercise eat earlier drink less alcohol minimize caffeine and other stimulants at night don t use your bed except for sleep minimize blue light exposure at night keep your bedroom as dark as possible while sleeping get treatment for depression anxiety if necessary have a set sleep time wake up time regardless of how much sleep you got at night get 30 60 min direct sunlight exposure immediately upon awakening 10 Describe the sleep disorders we discussed in class e g what are some of the characteristics of night terrors etc NON REM sleep disorders so not considered dreaming insomnia persistent inability to fall asleep stay asleep hyper somnolence disorder excessive nighttime sleep AND excessive daytime sleepiness narcolepsy sleep attacks even a collapse into REM paralyzed sleep night terrors sudden scared looking behavior ex bolting upright heart racing and screaming Difficult to sooth and often does not remember details of dream episode mostly found in children sleepwalking talking runs in families so possible genetic basis 11 What are some of the major theories about why we sleep and dream sleep protects sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm s way sleep and growth during sleep the pituitary gland releases growth hormones Babies and teenagers need the extra sleep Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less sleep recuperates sleep helps restore and repair our energetically expensive brain For example sleep increases the reproduction of glial cells that form myelin whereas sleep depri vation triggers genes involved in the cellular stress response sleep and memory sleep helps consolidate memories 12 How is sleep and dreams related to our memories Importance of Non REM vs REM sleep helps us store and rebuild our fading memories of recent experiences non REM broad tuning slow wave sleep helps get those memories to the cortex ex plicit memories Ex schoolwork facts figures REM fine tuning of local synaptic consolidation of memories in the cortex implicit memories Ex playing the violin riding a bike emotional memories sleep helps improve performance on these learned skills 13 What is the content of the majority of our dreams everybody dreams at night but about 95 of dreams are forgotten before we wake up we dream primarily in REM sleep but sleep can occur in other stages we may incorporate real world sounds other stimuli into dreams we incorporate our days experience thoughts emotions and worries into our dream content 4 5 6 dreams often include images from recent traumatic or frequent experiences about 80 of dreams often include some negative event or emotion especially failure dreams being pursued attacked rejected or having bad luck dreams do not often include sexuality sexual dreams in men are about 1 in 10 sexual dreams in women are about 1 in 30 with actual partner with actual partner Emotions Stress Happiness 1 2 What are the three major theories of how we experience emotion James Lange theory arousal before emotion Cannon Bard theory arousal with emotion Two Factor Theory aroused cognitive identify emotion What are the six universally recognized emotions universally understood facial expressions happiness surprise sadness fear anger disgust Happy surprise Sex fucks ass dick 3 How are emotions such as anger disgust and fear adaptive from an evo lutionary perspective ANSWER evolved disgust potential to give us a disease make us sick makes us instinctively more disgusted to it ex yellow mucus some terrible infection disgusting keeps us away from disease Dads testosterone testosterone levels are correlated with irritability assertiveness impulsiveness and low tolerance for frustration violent criminal males have high testosterone levels reducing testosterone reduces aggression in both humans and animals men with higher testosterone had higher mating success in terms of partnering with a woman and fathering a child evening testosterone thers not involved in care men who became partnered fathers then experienced large declines in waking and fathers reporting 3 hours or more of daily childcare had lower testosterone levels than fa holding your own kid reduces testosterone levels as you get older testosterone levels
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