PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I Decision making after brain damage that impairs emotions II Identifying emotions III Classifying emotions IV Adaptive function of emotions V Pursuit of happiness Outline of Current Lecture I Personality II Psychodynamic perspective III Defense mechanisms IV Freud s Psychosexual Stages V Critics of Freud VI Revisionists VII Humanistic perspectives VIII Trait perspectives IX Five factor model of personality Current Lecture I II Personality is a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts emotions and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world Psychodynamic Perspective a Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III b Understanding personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind c Early childhood experiences sculpt the individual s personality d Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory i Sigmund Freud 1 Introduced psychodynamic view of personality 2 Cocaine addict 3 Theories considered women as morally inferior to men 4 Thought everything was about sex ii Freud and Psychoanalysis 1 sex drive main determinant of personality development iii Hysteria 1 physical symptoms without physical cause 2 Ex Patient Flaulein Elisabeth Von R suffered leg pains that prevented her from walking with no known cause e Personality Structure i Id devil on your shoulder 1 instincts and reservoir of psychic energy 2 pleasure principle seeks immediate gratification ii Ego voice of reason reality 1 deals with the demands of reality 2 reality principle mediates demands of id and superego iii Superego angel on your shoulder 1 moral branch of personality 2 conscience iv Ex Your Id says to have sex your superego tells you not to cheat on someone your ego says I will only have sex with only the person I am committed to Defense Mechanisms a Conflict between the id ego and superego results in anxiety b Defense Mechanisms i reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality ii not necessarily unhealthy c Displacement directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target d Ex Jason s Id expresses unconscious desire to have sex with his mother This would violate the superego if he acted on this desire His ego may use the defense mechanism of displacement to express that sexual desire in a more acceptable manner e Defense Mechanisms i Repression forget the unacceptable ii Rationalization claim different motive iii Displacement shift feelings to new object IV V iv Sublimation transform vile to valuable v Projection attribute own faults to others vi Reaction Formation convert to opposite emotion vii Denial disbelieve present reality viii Regression revert to earlier safer period Freud s Psychosexual Stages a Oral Stage 0 18 Months i infant s pleasure centers on the mouth b Anal Stage 18 36 Months i child s pleasure involves eliminative functions c Phallic Stage 3 6 Years i child s pleasure focuses on the genitals ii Oedipus complex 1 The Oedipus complex is the boy s intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother But eventually the boy realizes that his father will cut his penis off if his incestuous thoughts are discovered 2 Castration anxiety refers to the boy s intense fear of being mutilated by his father To reduce fear the boy identifies with father and accepts the male gender role 3 Penis envy the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son Girls compare themselves to boys and have envy a This is why women are morally inferior they lack castration anxiety b There only hope was through education d Latency Stage 6 Years Puberty i psychic time out after drama of phallic stage ii interest in sexuality is repressed e Genital Stage Adolescence and Adulthood i sexual reawakening ii source of sexual pleasure is someone else Critics of Freud a Criticisms i Sexuality 1 not pervasive force behind personality 2 Thoughts may be influenced by sexual repression occurring in Vienna ii Early Experience 1 not as powerful as Freud thought iii Importance of Conscious thought iv Theory can not be tested VI VII b Contributions i importance of childhood experiences ii development proceeds in stages iii role of unconscious processes Revisionists a Horney s Sociocultural Approach i Karen Horney 1885 1952 ii Need for security not sex is primary motivator iii Penis envy may occur but only because of society s demands iv Argued both sexes envy the attributes of the other men envy reproductive capability b Jung s Analytical Theory i Carl Jung 1875 1961 ii Believed Freud underplayed the role of unconscious mind in personality iii Collective unconscious deepest layer of consciousness shared by all humans because of common ancestors iv Archetypes emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning c Adler s Individual Psychology i Alfred Adler 1870 1937 ii Developed individual psychology which states that people are motivated by purpose and goals iii perfection not pleasure is key motivator Humanistic Perspective emphasis on a person s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities a Abraham Maslow i self actualization ii biased since focus was on highly successful individuals b Carl Rogers i We are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life we simply need the right conditions to thrive ii We are all born with a need for positive regard from others iii Optimal functioning occurs when an individual experiences a relationship that includes 1 Unconditional positive regard 2 Empathy 3 Genuineness c Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives i Contributions 1 self perception is key to personality 2 consider the positive aspects of human nature 3 Emphasize conscious experience ii Criticisms 1 Too optimistic about human nature 2 Promotes self love and narcissism VIII IX Trait Perspectives a Trait an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses i Traits are the building blocks of personality b Trait Theories i People can be described by their typical behavior ii Strong versus weak tendencies c Gordon Allport 1897 1967 i the father of Personality Psychology ii Must focus on the present to understand personality not unconscious or early experiences iii Personality understood through traits iv Traits should be consistent across situations v Lexical approach 4