PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Punishment vs reinforcement II Observational learning a Cognitive factors III Learning IV Learning health wellness Outline of Current Lecture I Memory II Encoding III Storage Current Lecture I II Memory refers to the retention of information or experience over time a Three Phases of Memory i Encoding ii Storage iii Retrieval Encoding Sensory Input a Automatic encoding ex hot stove b Effortful encoding ex paying attention in class c What is the role of attention i Selective attention choose what to ignore and what to attend ii Divided attention concentrating on several items at once iii Sustained attention refers to the ability to maintain attention to a specific activity for a prolonged period of time d Encoding Levels of Processing i Encoding is influenced by our levels of processing ii Consider the word mom written on paper These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III iii Shallow processing amygdala acknowledge there is something written on the paper but it does not yet have a meaning iv Intermediate processing acknowledge those shapes as letters which form a readable word v Deep processing prefrontal cortex acknowledge the word mom and associate a meaning with it e Encoding Elaboration i Encoding depends on more than just the level of processing it also depends on how much you elaborate on the information you are trying to encode ii Elaboration can enhance memory iii Self referencing effect you relate the materials to your own personal experiences iv Neuroscience study on brain activity and elaboration Wagner et Al 1998 1 Upper lowercase vs concrete abstract word paradigm 2 More elaboration more brain activity f Encoding Imagery i Allan Paivio researched how mental imagery could improve encoding and developed that dual code hypothesis ii Memory is stored in two methods 1 Verbal code word or label 2 Image code detailed and distinctive image codes can also be stored as verbal code making it superior to verbal codes alone a Andi Bell USES IMAGERY TO MEMORIZE Memory Storage a Atkinson Shiffrin Theory 1968 memory involves three distinct systems i Sensory memory ii Short term memory iii Long term memory b Storage Sensory Memory i Sensory memory refers to the memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only a very brief duration 1 Rich and detailed information 2 Very brief duration a Echoic memory auditory b Iconic memory visual drawing with sparklers c Storage Short Term Memory i Short term memory is a limited system in which information is usually retained for 30 seconds or less 1 On average we can retain 5 9 items in our short term memory limited capacity 2 How can we improve our short term memory a Chunking Grouping items into a unit b Rehearsal i Maintenance rehearsal repeating over and over ii Elaborative rehearsal thinking about the material while remembering it more effective iii Helps convert information from short term to longterm memory ii Working Memory An Alternative to Short Term Memory 1 Working memory only occurs when an individual is consciously processing examining and manipulating information 2 Central Executive controls the flow and processing of information with limited capacity a Verbal memory phonological loop involves storage of verbal items with a limited capacity Involves shallow processing words are stored based on sound not meaning words that sound alike are more difficult to store b Visual memory visuospatial a temporary image 20 30 sec that stores information about the location and nature of objects d Storage Long Term Memory i Long term memory refers to a relatively permanent type of memory that stores large amounts of information for a long time It includes two major types of memory ii Explicit long term memory or declarative memory which are memories for facts and events which can be stated or declared It involves conscious recollection of specific facts and events that can be communicated verbally 1 Episodic memory memory of specific events which are autobiographical in nature ex where you went to high school 2 Semantic memory general knowledge or facts ex Texas is a state iii Implicit long term memory or nondeclarative memory refers to memories that are often unconsciously remembered 1 Procedural memory 2 Classical conditioning 3 Priming or suggesting e Memory Storage Brain Structure i Explicit Memory 1 Hippocampus frontal lobes amygdala ii Implicit Memory 1 Cerebellum temporal lobes hippocampus