PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I Motivation II Theories of motivation III Biology of hunger IV Biology of obesity V Disorder eating Outline of Current Lecture I Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs II Self Determination Theory III Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation IV Self regulation V Resisting temptation VI Emotion VII Measuring arousal VIII Theories of emotion IX Brain areas associated with emotion Current Lecture I Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs a Abraham Maslow 1954 proposed a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied in the following sequence physiological needs safety love and belongingness esteem and self actualization These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV V VI b Basic needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied c Self actualization is the motivation to develop one s full potential as a human being This is only possible after all the other basic needs are met Self determination theory asserts that there are three basic organismic needs competence relatedness and autonomy a Competence is met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes Involves self efficacy the belief that you have can accomplish a given goal b Relatedness the need to engage in warm relationships with others c Autonomy the sense that we are in control of our own life Although many of the behaviors that we engage in may feel like things we are forced to do but a sense of autonomy is strongly related to well being d Valuing extrinsic qualities money over these organismic qualities is associated with lowered well being lowered self actualization and physical illness Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation a Intrinsic motivation is based on internal factors such as organismic needs competence relatedness and autonomy i When we are intrinsically motivated we engage in a behavior because we enjoy it b Extrinsic Motivation involves incentives such as rewards and punishments i When we are extrinsically motivated we engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid an external punishment c Intrinsic motivation leads to more positive outcomes Self regulation is the process by which an organism effort fully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives a A key aspect is receiving feedback about how we are doing in our goal pursuits Our daily feelings provide this feedback we feel good or bad depending on how we are doing in the areas of life we value b Individuals are more successful when they set goals that are specific and moderately challenging c Accomplishing long term goals is facilitated by the pursuit of short term goals d We control our behavior based on the feedback of our emotions Resisting Temptation a Delay of gratification putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward b The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment Michel et Al 1990 i Research findings distraction helps us resist temptation ii Researchers gave children a marshmallow and told they children that if they didn t eat if for 15 minutes they could have 2 when they came back What is Emotion a Emotions have three different components VII VIII i Feeling Emotion is a feeling that is personal and subjective The report of subjective experiences may or may not have overt indicators 1 Feeling is different for everybody it s a conscious thing ii Physiological arousal Emotional situations arouse the autonomic nervous system The physiological arousal that accompanies emotion allows us to examine emotion in nonhuman animals as well as in human beings iii Actions Defending or attacking in response to threat Fight or Flight mechanism Darwin s functional view of emotion suggested that emotions have an important survival role because they aid in generating appropriate reactions to emergency events in the environment Skeletal actions to run away or stay and fight Measuring Arousal a Skin conductance levels a rise in the skin s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases b Polygraph a machine examiners use to try to determine whether someone is lying It monitors HR breathing and skin conductance The examiner will ask both neutral and target questions to determine if HR breathing or skin conductance increases i How accurate Some experts argue its only accurate 50 of the time The problem being that HR breathing etc can be increased for reasons other than lying Ex maybe the individual is nervous not guilty ii Most courts do not accept these results Theories of Emotion a Folk Psychology common sense suggests that we first feel the emotion which then changes our autonomic arousal b James Lange theory the autonomic arousal and skeletal actions occur first which we interpret as an emotion i The James Lange theory leads to two predictions ii People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion iii And causing or increasing someone s responses should enhance an emotion iv Evaluating the James Lang Theory 1 There is a condition called Moebius Syndrome in which a person is unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile 2 Do they feel no or less emotions since they cannot create any facial expressions 3 What if someone is born with a rare condition called pure autonomic failure where the autonomic nervous system fails to produce output to the brain IX 4 Do they feel no emotions or less emotions a Less emotions c Cannon Bard theory The autonomic arousal and subjective feeling of an emotion occur simultaneously but independent of one another in response to a stimulus d Two factor theory Schachter s cognitive theory states that emotion is based on two factors physiological arousal and a cognitive label Physiological changes tell how intense an emotion is but cognitive appraisal is necessary to identify which emotion it is Brain Areas Associated With Emotions a Emotions occurs in the limbic system the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus b Emotions tend not to be localized in specific parts of the brain c A single emotion increases activity in various parts of the brain d Limbic System Amygdala i The direct pathway carries nerve impulses from the sensory organs to the thalamus and directly to the amygdala It does not convey detailed information about the stimulus but is fast and speed is important from a survival standpoint 1 Signal from eye to the thalamus straight to the amygdala ii The indirect pathway carries nerve