PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I Consciousness II 5 levels of awareness III Psychoactive drugs Outline of Current Lecture I Sleep a Biological rhythms b Biological clocks c Sleep deprivation d Stages of sleep e Sleep stages 1 4 f REM sleep g Sleep and the brain h Sleep and disease II i Sleep disorders j Theories of dreaming Hypnosis III meditation Current Lecture I Sleep a Biological Rhythms i Biological rhythms are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1 Based on annual and seasonal cycles ii Circadian rhythms are daily behavioral and physiological cycles 1 Body temperature fluctuates about 3 degrees Fahrenheit 2 Your body monitors this cycle from day and night via the suprachaismatic nucleus SCN b Biological Clocks i Desynchronizing the Clock 1 Jet lag cortisol 2 Shift work problems 3 Insomnia ii Resetting the Clock 1 Bright light during the day 2 Melatonin can advance the circadian rhythm iii Why Do We Need Sleep 1 Adaptive Evolutionary Function a Safety at night b energy conservation efficiency 2 Restorative Function a body rejuvenation growth 3 Brain Plasticity a enhances synaptic connections b memory consolidation c Sleep Deprivation i Chronic sleep deprivation results in 1 decreased alertness and cognitive performance 2 inability to sustain attention 3 less complex brain activity 4 adverse effects on decision making 5 Decreased activity in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex 6 Fatal Familial Insomnia FFI a A rare sleeping disorder b Progresses for approx 18 months d Stages of Sleep i EEG measures electrical activity in the brain identifies stages of wakefulness and sleep ii Wakefulness 1 beta waves alert a high frequency up and down a lot b low amplitude no high peaks c desynchronous 2 alpha waves relaxed a increase in amplitude higher peaks and lower valleys b synchronous e Sleep Stages EEG Pattern i Light Sleep Stages 1 2 1 Stage 1 a theta waves b slower frequency and greater amplitude c Myoclonic jerks 2 Stage 2 a theta waves b sudden increase in wave frequency c sleep spindles ii Deep Sleep Stage 3 4 1 Stage 3 a 50 delta waves b slowest frequency and highest amplitude 2 Stage 4 a 50 delta waves b difficult to wake sleepers c Memory and learning d Sleep walking talking bed wetting f REM Sleep i Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Stage 5 1 rapid eye movement 2 Dreaming fast waves movement ii Non REM Sleep Stages 1 4 1 lack of rapid eye movement 2 little dreaming g Sleep and the Brain i Reticular Formation 1 critical role in sleep and arousal ii Neurotransmitters NT 1 serotonin norepinephrine and acetylcholine 2 levels vary across sleep stages h Sleep and Disease i stroke and asthma attacks more common at night ii infectious diseases induce sleep iii sleep problems common in those with mental disorders i Sleep Disorders i Insomnia inability to sleep 1 More common in a Women b Elderly c Drug users d Depressed 2 1 in 5 adults II III IV a sleep walking talking and eating b Sonnambulism walking c Wake them up d Somniloquy talking e Results as a side effect of Ambien ii Nightmares a frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep 1 Common at a young age peaks at age 3 6 iii Night terrors features sudden arousal from sleep non REM and intense fear 1 Peaks at age 5 7 iv Narcolepsy involve the sudden overpowering urge to fall asleep 1 Immediately enter REM sleep 2 Triggered by emotional responses v Sleep Apnea disorder in which the individual stops breathing because the wind pipe fails to open or brain processes responsible for respiration fail to work properly 1 18 million Americans most common in adults over the age 65 2 Weight loss programs side sleeping propping the head on a pillow wearing a CPAP vi Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS Theories of Dreaming a Historical and Religious Significance b Freud s Psychodynamic Approach i Manifest content the dream s surface content ii Latent content hidden the underlying meaning of the surface content c Cognitive Theory i information processing and memory d Activation Synthesis Theory i brain makes sense out of random brain activity Hypnosis an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectations in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions a Used to treat various health issues alcoholism smoking b Reduces stress and pain c Four Steps in Hypnosis i distractions are minimized ii told to concentrate on something specific iii told what to expect iv certain obvious events feelings are suggested v There are individual variations in ability to be hypnotized hypnotizability mythbusters Meditation is a peaceful state of mind not occupied by worry a Mindfulness meditation is used to treat a variety of conditions e g depression chronic pain Focus on breathing