PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I Development II Research methods of development psychology III Prenatal development IV Physical development V Perceptual motor development VI Brain development VII Cognitive development VIII Piaget s Theory IX Other theories of intellectual development Outline of Current Lecture I Temperament II Infant attachment III Socioemotional development IV Erickson s Theory V Parenting styles VI Moral development VII Kohlberg s Theory VIII Adolescence These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IX Adult development X Island of Okinawa XI Biological theories of aging XII The aging brain Current Lecture I II III IV Temperament refers to an individual s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding a Chess and Thomas 1977 1996 identified three basic types of temperament i The easy child generally in a positive mood quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and easily adapts to new experiences ii The difficult child tends to react negatively and to cry frequently engages in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept new experiences iii The slow to warm up child has a low activity level is somewhat negative is inflexible and is very cautious in the face of new experiences Infant Attachment is the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver a Harlow Study 1958 i Infant rhesus monkeys ii Is it nourishment or contact that matters 1 Chose between two surrogate mothers a Wire mother with food versus cloth mother b Infants preferred cloth mother 2 Results Contact comfort is critical to attachment b Strange Situation Test Mary Ainsworth 1978 measures infant s attachment caregivers leave infant alone with stranger then return c Secure attachment infants use the caregiver typically the mother as a secure base from which to explore the environment i Secure infants are upset when the mother leaves but calms down when she returns d Insecure attachments 2 types i Avoidant infants might not even notice that the mother has gone ii Anxious Ambivalent infants responds with intense distress only to rage at the mother when she returns Socioemotional Development a Differing from Piaget s theory Erik Erickson 1902 1994 viewed development as a lifelong process which he characterized into 8 stages i The first four stages occur during childhood ii The last four stages occur during adolescence and adulthood Erikson s Theory a Trust versus mistrust b c d e f g h i i Trust is built in infancy birth to 18 months when a baby s needs food comfort warmth are met by responsive sensitive caregivers 1 At this stage the helpless infant depends on caregivers to establish a sense that the world is a predictable and friendly place 2 Once trust is established toddlers begin to see themselves as independent agents in the world Autonomy versus shame and doubt i During toddlerhood 18 months to 3 years children can develop either a positive sense of independence and autonomy or negative feelings of shame and doubt 1 They are likely to develop a strong sense of independence 2 Learn things like potty training and such which them becoming more independent Initiative versus guilt i In early childhood 3 5 years children experience what it is like to forge their own interests and friendships and to take on responsibilities 1 When they experience a sense of taking on responsibility they develop initiative 2 Ex 3 year olds often want to do what adults do Cooking talking on a phone etc Industry versus inferiority i Children in middle and late childhood 6 years to puberty during this stage children learn the value of what Erikson called industry gaining competence in academic skills and acquiring the ability to engage in selfdiscipline and hard work Identity versus identity confusion i Adolescence 10 20 years individuals are faced with finding out who they are what they are all about and where they are going in life 1 Career exploration is important Intimacy versus isolation i Early adulthood 20s 30s individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others Generativity versus Stagnation i Middle adulthood 40s 50s a chief concern is to assist the younger generation in developing and leading useful lives Integrity versus despair i Late adulthood 60s individuals look back and evaluate what they have accomplished with their lives It could be either positive integrity or negative despair Evaluating Erikson s Theory i Primarily focused on case study research V VI ii Omitted important developmental tasks 1 Securing a job applying to college etc Parenting Styles a Diana Baumrind 1991 defined four parenting styles b Authoritarian parents are controlling and punitive i You do it my way or else ii These children sometime lack social skills show poor initiative and compare themselves with others iii High control Low support c Authoritative parents encourage independence with limits i You know you should not have done that let s talk about how to handle the situation better next time ii These tend to be socially competent self reliant and socially responsible iii High control High support d Neglectful parents generally uninvolved i Children may develop a sense that other aspects of their parents lives are more important than they are ii Children tend to me less competent socially handle independence poorly and show poor self control iii Low control Low support e Permissive parents are involved but place few limits i Correlated with child s poor social competence lack of respect for others poor self control ii Parents sometimes think this is the best style of parenting because it allows the child to become independent and creative iii Honey Boo Boo s parents used this style let that be a testament Moral Development a Kohlberg 1927 1987 presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responses b For ex a man whose wife is dying of cancer knows about a drug that might save her life He approaches the pharmacist who has the drug but the pharmacist refuses to give it to him without being paid a very high price The man is unable to collect enough money and decides to steal the drug i Should the man have stolen the drug ii If so why This was the question he was more interested in iii He believed that it was a sense of justice that laid the foundation for moral behavior c Kohlberg developed three general levels of moral development i Preconventional the