PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Operant conditioning II Reinforcement III Punishment Outline of Current Lecture I Punishment vs reinforcement II Observational learning a Cognitive factors III Learning IV Learning health wellness Current Lecture I II Punishment vs Reinforcement a What behavior is changing b Ask if the behavior increases or decreases i If increased it s reinforcement ii If decreased it s punishment c Ask if something is being added or removed or avoided i If added it s positive ii If removed or avoided it s negative Observational learning occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior a Occurs at a younger age watching parents b Requires 4 main processes i Attention to reproduce a behavior you must first attend to what the model is doing or saying ii Retention you must encode the information and keep it in memory so you can retrieve it These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV iii Motor reproduction the process of imitating other s actions which is limited by motor development 1 if motor skill aren t developed enough you may not be able to do activity even if you have paid attention and committed it to memory iv Reinforcement the modeled behavior is followed by positive or negative consequences that increase or decrease our behaviors c Albert Bandura studied children s tendency to model aggressive behavior as seen in adults i Famous Bobo doll study 1961 ii Found that children who watched the aggressive model were much more likely to engage in aggressive behavior d Cognitive Factors in Learning i E C Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior looked at the whole goal of behavior 1 Much behavior is goal oriented 2 Expectancies influence the goals we set 3 Expectancies play a role in the placebo effect 4 Ex a student studies hard not because of reinforcement of a good grade but rather because of the overall goal to get into college ii Expectancies are acquired through experience 1 In classical conditioning little albert learns to fear the rabbit because of his expectation that it will hurt him 2 In operant conditioning a women works hard all week with the expectation of being rewarded with a paycheck Learning a Latent learning implicit learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior i Study of hungry rats in a maze reinforced vs non reinforced ii New on campus finding class gets easier after the first day b Insight learning a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding a problem s solution i Researcher Wolfgang Kohler studied chimpanzees in the box paradigm 1 Hung bananas in center of room with boxes spread out so chimps had to use INSIGHT LEARNING to figure out how to get to them ii Learning is not immediate or conventional iii Do not learn by trial and error but rather by contemplation Learning Health and Wellness a Factors influencing degree of stress i Predictability of stressor 1 Nursing home residents adjust better when visits are scheduled predictable 2 Receiving a birthday gift ii Control over stressor 1 Nursing home residents report a better sense of well being when they choose what times people can visit 2 Caring for a plant increases life span a Learned helplessness no control 3 Giving them something to have control over helps them iii Improvement of reduction in stressor 1 Two rats in a study Day one one receives 50 shocks hr and the other receives 10 shocks hr Day two they both receive 25 shocks hr Who is more stressed iv Outlets for frustration 1 Physical exercise art music meditation etc