PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I Sleep a Biological rhythms b Biological clocks c Sleep deprivation d Stages of sleep e Sleep stages 1 4 f REM sleep g Sleep and the brain h Sleep and disease i Sleep disorders j Theories of dreaming II Hypnosis III Meditation Outline of Current Lecture I Learning II Classical conditioning Current Lecture I Learning An enduring change in the way an organism behaves based on its experience a Essentially about predicting the future from past experience These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II b Two types i Associative making a connection among two events 1 Ex Salt and pepper ii Observational observing and imitating another s behavior 1 Use this when you are younger like when you watch your parents Classical Conditioning when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response a Conditioned stimulus CS initially elicits no response b Unconditioned stimulus UCS automatically elicits a response i You do not have to do anything to it to make the response happen you don t have to do anything to food to make us salivate it automatically happens c Unconditioned response UCR automatically occurs after the UCS d Conditioned response CR after pairing of the CS and the UCS develops new learned response or conditioned response e Acquisition the initial learning of the connection between the US and the CS when these two stimuli are paired f Occurs without awareness or effort g For this pairing to work two factors must occur i Contiguity meaning that the CS and US are presented very close together in time ii Contingency meaning that the CS must precede the US closely in time but also serve as a reliable predictor or indicator of a response about to occur 1 Must always occur together after ringing the bell you must always bring out the food h Stimulus generalization i Organism learns to respond to stimuli that resemble the CS with a similar response 1 Identify similar things i Stimulus discrimination i When an organism learns to respond to a restricted range of stimuli 1 When you get older you can distinguish between similar stimuli j In Humans i Explaining Fears 1 Little Albert a Experiment by John Watson he gave baby Albert a rat to play with babies don t have fear of a rat then he would ring a loud bell when albert went to touch the rat and he would cry when he heard the loud noise Albert associated the rat with the loud noise so even without the bell ringing baby Albert would cry when he saw the rat ii iii iv v vi 2 John B Watson 1920 Breaking Habits 1 Counterconditioning a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and it s conditioned response 2 Aversive conditioning a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus Ex Antabuse a Alcohol pill that makes you sick to stop alcoholism Taste Aversion 1 A special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea 2 Only requires a single pairing of neutral stimulus Habituation 1 The deceased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations ex drug use tolerance Extinction 1 The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus 2 Extinction is not an unlearning of the conditioned response It is a learned inhibition of responding a When you ring the bell a lot without bringing the dogs food the dogs will stop salivating when they hear the bell 3 Therapeutic tool for phobias and anxiety disorders Renewal 1 Refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context a Drug relapses because you are able to connect relearn the 2 stimuli more quickly the 2nd time