PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I Cognition II Thinking a Concepts b Steps in problem solving c Moral dilemmas d Problem solving obstacles III Reasoning a Decision making i Biases b Critical thinking c Creative thinking Outline of Current Lecture I Intelligence II Language Current Lecture I Intelligence an all purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks to solve problems and to learn from experience a Measuring Intelligence i Validity measuring what you intended ii Reliability extent to which a test yields consistent results These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii Standardization involves developing uniform procedures that can be replicated b Measuring Intelligence i Intelligence quotient IQ developed by William Stern in 1912 IQ consists of an individual s mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 ii Mental Age MA refers to an individual s level of mental development relative to that of others 1 If mental age is the same as chronological age then the individual s IQ is 100 average 2 If mental age is above chronological age the IQ is more than 100 above average 3 If mental age is below chronological age the IQ is less than 100 below average 4 Ex a 6 year old child with a mental age of 8 has an IQ of 133 whereas a 6 year old child with a mental age of 5 has an IQ of 83 5 After the age of 16 this mental age looses its meaning iii Standford Binet Test test of intelligence geared towards ages 2 to adulthood Mostly commonly used IQ exam in the U S iv Wechsley Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WISC 1 Provides scores on various subscales rather than a single IQ score c Normal Distribution a symmetrical bell shaped curve with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range d Influences on Testing i Cultural Bias in Testing 1 Many early intelligence tests were culturally biased favoring people from urban rather than rural areas of middle rather than lower class and non Latino Whites rather than other ethnicities 2 For ex What should you do if you find a young child s body lying in the street 3 Culture fair tests intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased a For ex If the test has time limits it would biased against groups not concerned with time ii Genetic Influences on Intelligence 1 Heritability the proportion of observable differences among people in a group that can be explained by differences in genes 2 Researchers suggests that 75 of intelligence is due genetics However research indicates that our genes change with age iii The Flynn Effect 1 Environmental Influences on Intelligence a Flynn effect refers to the rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world Actually average intelligence in 1932 would now be regarded as having below average intelligence b Since intelligence is increasing so rapidly it appears to be somewhat independent of genes e Extremes of Intelligence i Giftedness IQ 130 1 Having high intelligence and or superior talent in a particular area 2 Excel in critical thinking and creativity 3 The U S does not meet the educational needs of gifted children because of our No Child Left Behind Policy ii Intellectual disability ID IQ 70 1 A condition of limited mental ability that affects conceptual social and practical skills 2 Often classified as mild moderate severe profound 3 Two types a Organic ID disability is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage i Includes Down syndrome a genetic disorder ii These individuals excel at building warm close relationships iii IQ between 0 and 50 b Cultural familial ID disability without any evidence of organic brain damage i Often identified in school when they do poorly and only respond to tangible rewards candy rather than grades ii IQ between 55 and 70 f Sternberg s Triarchic Theory intelligence comes in three forms i analytical intelligence 1 analyze judge evaluate compare contrast ii creative intelligence 1 create design invent originate imagine iii practical intelligence 1 use apply implement put ideas into practice g Theories of Multiple Intelligences i Gardner s Frames of Mind 9 types 1 verbal mathematical 2 spatial bodily kinesthetic 3 4 5 6 II interpersonal intrapersonal naturalist existentialist musical Caveats If musical skills are a measure of intelligence then why not chess playing skills painting skills poetic skills etc Language is a form of communication whether spoken written or signed this is based on a system of symbols a infinite generativity b the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences c Basic Properties of Language i Phonology a language s sound system Language is made up of basic sounds or phonemes 1 Ex obstacles pronounced ab stackles ii Morphology a language s rule for word formation A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning 1 Ex help is a single morpheme but you can add another morpheme such as er and it changes the meaning of the word pre tion ing iii Syntax a language s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences 1 Ex Lets eat grandma Lets eat grandma Or John kissed Sally Sally kissed John Order matters iv Semantics the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language 1 Ex girl and woman all share semantic features being female but differ semantically in regard to age v Pragmatics the useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized 1 Ex maybe you re in Mexico and need to ask where the bus stop is but you only know the Spanish word autobus so you ask someone with a puzzled look on your face and hope that they will understand you are looking for a bus stop d Language and Cognition i If language is a reflection of cognition in general then we would expect to find a close link between language ability and general intellectual ability Suggests that someone with low intelligence would have a low set of language ability 1 Not always the case 2 Williams syndrome ii Language and cognition occur separately from one another e Influences on Language i Biological Influences 1 Noam Chomsky 1975 argued that humans come into the world biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way This is supported by the fact that children all over the world reach