PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Learning II Classical conditioning Outline of Current Lecture I Operant conditioning II Reinforcement III Punishment Current Lecture I II Operant Conditioning The consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior s occurrence a Better at explaining voluntary behaviors b Thorndike s Law of Effect i Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened c B F Skinner i Expanded on Thorndike s work ii Skinner Box used to train animals iii Shaping rewarding successive approximations of a desirable behavior Ex training animals Reinforcement increases behavior a Positive Reinforcement i behavior followed by rewarding consequence ii rewarding stimulus is added 1 Ex rewarding child for good behavior b Negative Reinforcement i behavior followed by rewarding consequenc ii aversive unpleasant stimulus is removed 1 Ex cleaning to avoid nagging 2 Ex taking an aspirin These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute c Principles of Reinforcement i Avoidance Reinforcement by making a particular response a negative stimulus can be avoided 1 Ex receive a poor grade on first exam student changes behavior and studies harder for the next exams ii Learned Helplessness an organism learns it has no control over negative outcomes d Types of Reinforcers i Primary Reinforcers 1 innately satisfying 2 Ex food water sex etc e Secondary Reinforcers i become satisfying through experience ii repeated association with a pre existing reinforce 1 Ex an A on the exam a paycheck poker chips etc f Schedules of Reinforcement i Generalization 1 stimulus sets the occasion for the response 2 responding occurs to similar stimuli 3 Ex pigeon guided missiles g Discrimination i stimuli signal when behavior will or will not be reinforced ii Ex seeing eye dogs learn selective obedience to their owner s voice h Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery i behavior decreases when reinforcement stops ii Ex machine takes your money you stop going to that machine i Schedules of Reinforcement i Fixed ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors 1 Ex a child might receive a piece of candy or extra hour of video games not after just 1 day of piano lessons but 5 days 2 Ex factory might require line workers to produce a certain number of items in order to get paid a particular amount j Variable ratio schedule a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of time but on an unpredictable bias i Ex slot machines on average will pay out 1 out of every 20 tries ii Variable ratio schedules produce high steady rates of behavior that more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules 1 Payoff is based on a ratio of behaviors occurring k Fixed interval schedule reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed i Ex your pet senses that its 5PM for feeding l III Variable interval schedule a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed It is difficult to predict when the reward will come so behavior is slow and inconsistent i Ex fishing It may be minutes hours or never before the fish bites ii Ex pop quiz grades verses exam grades Exam rewards are predictable pop quizzes are not Punishment decreases behavior a Positive Punishment i behavior followed by aversive consequence ii aversive unpleasant stimulus is added iii Ex coach makes team run after losing a game Spanking a child after he she misbehaves b Negative Punishment i behavior followed by aversive consequence ii rewarding stimulus is removed iii Ex time out Being grounded by your parents