PSYC 1315 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 10 19 Lecture 10 February 12 1 What makes consciousness An individuals awareness of external event and internal sensations under a condition of arousal 2 What is the difference between awareness and arousal Which one engages with the environment Awareness the subjective state of being aware of one s self thought and experiences Arousal the physiological state of being engaged with the environment 3 What is the Theory of Mind How does autism relate What age is associated Theory of Mind knowledge that people think and have private experiences People with autism might lack the theory of mind they are socially awkward have no social context and are very blunt It emerges around age 4 4 What are the 5 levels of awareness What are the sublevels 1 Higher level consciousness i Controlled processes individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal Requires selective attention can become automatic process ii Executive function complex cognitive processes Allows us to focus on some thought while ignoring others 2 Lower level consciousness i Automatic processes a state of consciousness that requires little attention texting writing ii Daydreaming involves wandering thoughts imagination and fantasy 3 Altered states of consciousness i Can be produced by drugs trauma meditation fatigue hypnosis sensory deprivation and or mental disorders 4 Subconscious awareness i Incubation refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem light bulb goes off Have to first actively engage the problem ii Sleep and dreams levels of awareness are lower but consciousness is not absent 1 fMRI studies show that there is activity in the language areas of the brain while sleeping 2 People in comas can somewhat process things that are spoken to them No awareness i Unconscious generally refers to someone who has been knocked out by a blow or anesthesia ii Unconscious thought Freud a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts and feeling beyond conscious awareness 1 Motives that are so deep dark that we cant recognize aren t aware of them 5 What are the types of psychoactive drugs How do they make you feel what does it do What neurotransmitters are related Depressants slow down mental and physical activity i Alcohol slows down brain activity 1 Increased GABA 2 Alcoholism a disorder that involves long term repeated uncontrolled compulsive drinking ii Barbiturates decrease CNS activity 1 Once prescribed for insomnia 2 Lethal when paired with alcohol iii Tranquilizers reduce anxiety and induce relaxation 1 Low dose calmness 2 High dose drowsiness confusion 3 Ex Xanax valium iv Opiates consists of opium and depresses the CNS 1 Highly addictive 2 Replaced barbiturates 3 Ex Morphine heroin Stimulants increase CNS activity i Caffeine most commonly used psychoactive drug 1 Withdrawal symptoms headaches lethargy difficulty concentrating ii Nicotine found in tobacco 1 Improve alertness attention reduce anger anxiety and relieve pain 2 Withdrawal symptoms irritability craving sleep disturbances iii Amphetamines boost energy increase awareness and help lose weight 1 Increase glutamate neurotransmitter excitatory 2 Ex Ritalin vyvanse Adderall crystal meth produce euphoria for 46 hours iv Cocaine derived from coca plant 1 Produce euphoria for 15 30 minutes 2 Crack lower purity v MDMA synthetic drug with both stimulant hallucinogenic properties 1 Releases serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine 2 Destroys axons that release serotonin 3 Ex Ecstasy molly Hallucinogens modify a person s perceptual experience and produce visual images that are not real i LSD acid a hallucinogen that produces drastic perceptual changes ii Marijuana increases HR BP red eyes dry mouth 1 Medical marijuana treats AIDS cancer and chronic pain 2 scientists haven t figured out where to really put marijuana into a catergory 6 What is psychologically physically dependent What drugs make you either psychologically or physically dependent Physical dependence withdrawal symptoms i Headaches seizures convulsions irritablilty Psychological dependence anything that releases dopamine the brain starts to think that whatever action that the dopamine is associated with is important can become addictive Lecture 11 February 14 1 What is the difference between biological and circadian rhythm Biological rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations in the body i Based on annual season cycles Circadian rhythms daily behavioral and physiological cycles ii Body monitors this cycle day and night 2 How does jet lag work When are acetylcholine norepinephrine released What is the affect of melatonin Jet lag result of two or more body rhythms being out of sync Melatonin can possibly reduce the effects of eastward jet lag by advancing the circadian clock 3 What are the symptoms of sleep deprivation Decreased alertness cognitive performance Inability to sustain attention Less complex brain activity Adverse effects on decision making Decreased activity in the thalamus prefrontal cortex 4 What are the stages of sleep Which waves occur in each What symptoms are associated Stage 1 o Theta waves o Slower frequency greater amplitude o Myoclonic jerks Stage 2 o Theta waves o Sudden increase in wave frequency o Sleep spindles Stage 3 o 50 delta waves o slowest frequency highest amplitude stage 4 o 50 delta waves o difficult to wake sleepers o memory and learning occur o sleep walking talking bed wetting Stage 5 REM sleep o Rapid eye movement o Dreaming fast wave movement o Beta waves 5 What is REM Why do we need it something with oxygen 6 Which neurotransmitter is released to wake you up To go to sleep Wake up rise in serotonin norepinephrine Stay asleep go to sleep acetylcholine melatonin 7 What are the different sleep disorders Insomnia inability to sleep Sleep walking talking and eatig i Sonnamulism sleep walking ii Somniloquy sleep talking Nightmares a frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep Night terrors features sudden arousal from sleep non REM and intense fear Narcolepsy involve the sudden overpowering urge to fall asleep Sleep apnea person stops breathing because wind pipe fails to open or brain processes responsible for respiration don t work right wake up gasping for air 8 What medications are prescribed for sleep disorders Side affects 9 Nightmares vs night terrors differences stages when they occur ages affected Nightmares REM sleep stage 5 peaks