PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Nervous system II Neurons and neurotransmitters Outline of Current Lecture I Neural networks II Ways to study the brain III Lobes of the cerebral cortex IV Parts of the brain V Hemispheres of the cortex Current Lecture I II Neural networks interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor input a Developed over the years b Information is stored over multiple connections and neurons Ways to study the brain a Brain Lesioning researchers intentionally damage a selected area and examine the effects b Gene Knockout approach researchers use biochemicals to mutate a particular gene that is important for certain types of cells transmitters or receptors c Transcranial magnetic stimulation TDCS uses an intense magnetic field to temporarily activate or inactivate neurons in a specific region d Brain Imaging i Electroencephalograph EEG records electrical activity in the brain 1 Only measures activity on the surface of the brain ii Computerized axial tomography CT Scan involves the process of injecting dye into the blood iii Positron emission tomography PET records the emission of radioactivity from inject chemicals 1 uses glucose These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV iv Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI records energy released by water molecules after removal of a magnetic field 1 Like PET but doesn t use radiation 2 Still shot of the brain 3 Water molecules normally tilted and magnet from MRI straightens it up and the molecule releases energy to go back to normal position that s what it records v Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI similar to the MRI but measures blood oxygen levels vi 3D picture and you can see how it changes over time Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex a Four Lobes i Occipital vision 1 At the back ii Temporal hearing language processing memory 1 On sides by ears 2 Somehow affects decision making iii Frontal intelligence personality voluntary muscles 1 Critical thinking 2 Impulse control 3 Not fully developed until 25 iv Parietal spatial location attention motor control 1 Location to everything around you Parts of the brain a Forebrain i Limbic System 1 memory and emotion 2 amygdala a discrimination of objects needed for survival b emotional awareness and expression c fight or flight d emotional center 3 hippocampus a formation and recall of memories b activates memories that are in other parts of the brain ii Thalamus 1 relay station for much sensory information 2 grand central station everything goes through thalamus EXCEPT smell iii Basal Ganglia 1 coordination of voluntary movements 2 problems Parkinson s disease iv Hypothalamus 1 2 3 4 V eating drinking sexual behaviors regulate body s internal state emotion stress reward James Olds and Peter Milner Implanted in the hypothalamus in rats 5 Five F s fight flight feed Fahrenheit fornication b Midbrain between forebrain and hindbrain i Tectum Involved in orienting visual and auditory stimuli ii Tegmentum Involved in movement and arousal iii Reticular Formation Stereotypes behavior patterns i e walking 1 Don t have to think about swinging arms while walking c Hindbrain i Brainstem 1 Medulla Oblongata a Internal organs i Heart beat breathing ii Alcohol affects this first 2 Pons sleep and arousal ii Cerebellum 1 Motor coordination a Fine movements writing playing the piano iii Somatosensory Motor and Association Cortex 1 Somatosensory Cortex in parietal lobe a Processes body sensations 2 Motor Cortex in frontal lobe a Processes information related to voluntary movement b Both regions have point to point mapping 3 Association Cortex 75 of cortex a Not sensory or motor but associations between b Combination of the two Hemispheres of the Cortex a Left hemisphere i Processes verbal stimuli speech grammar ii Broca s Area speech production 1 If damaged cant speak can comprehend but cant actually speak iii Wernicke s Area language comprehension 1 Cant form words b Right hemisphere i Processes spatial perception visual recognition emotion ii Fusiform Gyrus facial recognition