PSY 150a1 1st edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Paranatal development stagesa. Germinalb. Embryonicc. FetalII. Teratogensa. Thalidomide tragedyIII. What do babies have from the starta. Reflexesb. The newbornc. Habituation techniqueIV. How does development happena. Moto developmentb. Language developmentc. Cognitive developmentd. Social and emotional developmente. Moral developmentV. Cognitive developmenta. Stagesi. Piaget’s theoryii. Schema developmentiii. Sensorimotoriv. Preoperationalv. Concrete operationalVI. Social and emotional developmenta. Individual temperamentb. Separation anxietyc. Harlow’s studyVII.Outline of Current Lecture II. Parenting stylesa. Authoritarianb. Permissivec. Authoritatived. Uninvolved III. Limitations in parenting studiesIV. Adolescence vs pubertya. Early maturing boys vs. late maturing boysb. Early maturing girls vs late maturing girlsV. Kohlberg’s theory of moral developmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Preconventional levelb. Concentional levelc. Postconventional levelVI. Research on KohlbergVII. Learning to behave in moral waysCurrent Lecture- Parenting styleso Authoritarian Effects: low intellectual performance, lack social skills (unfriendly, distrustful, withdrawn), particularly harmful for boyso Permissive parenting Effects: poor academic performance, drinking problems, promiscuous sexo Authoritiative parenting Effects: higher intellectual performance, independence, internalized moral standards, friendsly (socially responsible, cooperative)o Uninvolved parenting Effects: more likely to be insecurely attached as infants, difficulties in social relationships throughout childhood into adulthood- Limitations of parenting studieso Based on correlation evidenceo How children perceive the discipline received may be what is influentialo Correlations between parenting style and children’s behavior not terribly largeo No universally “best” style of parenting- Adolescence vs. pubertyo Adolescence= means from latin root “to grow up”. State between childhood and adulthoodo Puberty= from latin root “to grow hairy”. The onset of sexual maturity- Early maturing boyso More attractive to girls and to adultso Better in sportso Taller and strongero Happier, more confident, do better in school- Late maturing boyso Less good at sportso Teased by peerso Self conscious about size and “manliness”- Early maturing girlso Increased self-consiousness and body dissatisfationo Receive early sexual advanceso Ultimately end up shorter and heavier than late matureres- Late maturing girlso Are initially more self-consciouso Ultimately end up taller and slimmer than early maturers- Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: growing a conscience..o Preconventional level Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation, morally judged in terms of consequences Stage 2: naïve hedonistic orientation, morality judged in terms of what satisfies needs of those of otherso Conventional level Stage 3: good boy good girl orientation, morality judged of adherence to social rules or norms with respect to personal aquaintances Stage 4: social order maintaining orientation, morality judged in terms of social rules or laws applied universally, not just to aquaintanceso Postconventional level Stage 5: legalistic orientation, morality judged in terms of human rights, which may transcend laws Stage 6: morality judged in terms of self chosen ethical principals- Research on kohlbergyo Stages 1-4 seem universal and invariant in order (but not stages 5 and 6)o Stage 5 found in urban cultures, uncommon in tribal and village societieso Possible gender and cultural biaseso Conclusion: moral ideas are not absolute and universal- Learning to behave in moral wayso Moral reasoning appears related to moral behavioro Requirements: Consistent modeling by parents and peers Parents and teachers who promote moral behavior Real-life experiences with moral