Psych 150 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. No previous material for this portion of midtermOutline of Current Lecture II. What is science?III. Characteristics of sciencea. Systematic emericismb. Public knowledgec. Testable problemsd. Set of attitudesIV. Scientific theorya. Theoryb. HypothesisV. The bystander effect VI. Goals of the scientific methoda. Methods of observationi. Naturalistic observationii. Laboratory observationiii. Participant observationiv. Survey researchb. Predictionc. Explanation (causation)Current Lecture- What is science?o A way of asking questions and finding anwerso A way of thinking about the world in wich is governed by certain characteristics or principals- Characteristics of scienceo Systematic emriricism Contrast with “casual observation” Clever hans example o Public knowledge Replication Unbiased, objectiveo Testable problems AKA “falsifiable”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Set of attitudes Skepticism and curiosity- Steps in the scientific methodo Theory= daily experiences commonly held beliefso Research question and hypothesiso Evidence (observations)o Drawing conclusionso Theory of construction OR modificationo New research Q’s OR hypotheses- Theoryo Frustration  aggressiono Definition= the role of theory in research progresso Characteristics of a good theory Testable (falsifiable) and generate new predictions Organizes known facts Supported by the findings of new research Parsimonious- Hypothesiso A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables- Difference between theory and hypothesiso Theory= explanation about why things happen the way they do (ex: schizophrenia is genetically determined)o Hypothesis= a prediction based on this explanation (ex: there will be a greater incidence of schizophrenia between identical twins than between fraternal twins)- The bystander effect (darley and latane)o Theory: when people know (or think) that others are present in a sitnuation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse among those presento Hypothesis: increasing the number of bystanders will suppress helping in a laboratory emergencyo Evidence (observations): manipulated number of bystanders in laboratory emergencyo Drawing conclusions: results= confirmed hypothesiso Theory construction or modificationo New research questions or hypotheses- Goals of the scientific methodo Description Methods of observationo Prediction Correlationo Explanation (causation) Experimentation- Methods of observationo Naturalistic observation: observing the natural setting of the organismo Laboratory observation: learning the setting of the organism in a tested environmento Participant observation: looking at certain types of organisms (people in psychiological institutions)o Case study HM Phineas Gageo Survey research= sexual habits of americans 67% women, 75% men one sex partner in past 12 months 80% women, 665-85% men never had extramarital affairs 36% women, 37% men reported having sex a few times a month 1.2% women, 2.6% men reported sam-sex partners