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UA PSY 150A1 - Memory

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PSYCH 150 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. learninga. classical conditioningi. timingii. treatment of fearsb. operant conditioningc. reinforcement d. cognigtive learninge. observational learningOutline of Current Lecture II. remembering basic processes of memoryIII. how are memorys storeda. external stimulib. sensory memoryc. short term memory d. long term memoryIV. primacy effectV. recency effectVI. levels of processing model (craik and lockhart)VII. memory tasksa. recallb. recognitionc. relearningVIII. factors affecting retrievala. serial positionb. context dependent memoryc. state dependent memoryd. stress and anxietyIX. memory reconstrutionX. memory and eyewitness testimonyCurrent Lecture- Remembering: basic processes of memoryo Encoding= put into memory consolidation Types of memory codes= acoustic, visual, semantico Storage= hold in memoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Types of long-term memory= episodic, procedural, semantico retrieval= recover from memory types of retrieval: recall, recognition, relearning- how are memories stored?o Information processing model of memoryo Atkinson- shiffrin: 3 stages of memory External stimuli Sensory memory= briefly retains the information picked up by the sensory organs Short term memory= temporarily holds information in consciousness Long term memory= can retain information for long periods of time. Often until the person dies- Sensory memoryo Visual (iconic) sensory memory (the icon)o Auditory (echoic) sensory memory (the echo)o Probably others as well Very large capacity Very short duration- About 100ms for the icon- <3 sec. for the echo- short term memory (STM)o limited capacity- 7 plus or minus 2 chunks chunk= a meaningful unit examples= a single letter (S), a group of letters (FBI), a group of words (four score and seven years ago)o duration of < 30 sec, due to limited capacity and interferenceo increases with age due to increases in chunking ability with age- long term memory (LTM)o huge capacityo potentially long durationo organized by meaningo explicit vs. implicit memory explicit= requires conscious awareness - sematic memory= facts abut general knowledge- episodic memory= personally experience events implicit memory= does not require conscious awareness- procedural memory= motor and cognitive skills- palming= enhanced identification of objects or wordso priming= earlier encounter with stimulus (such as a word or picture) increases the seed or accuracy of naming that stimulus or a related stimulus at a later time- primacy effecto first items in a list are remembered better than items in the middleo probably due to greater odds of getting into long- term memory- recency effecto the last items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle, if tested immediatelyo probably due to their still being in STM- levels of processing model (Craik and Lockhart)o learning depends on how information is processedo processing can be from shallow to deep shallow: structural (does this word begin with a capital letter) intermediate: acoustic (does this word rhyme with some other word) deep: sematic (how pleasant is this word)o retention and retrieval better for deeper- MEMORY TASKSo Three kinds of memory tasks Recall  Recognition Relearning- Recall memoryo Remembering In the absence of the item being rememberedo Usually the most difficult test- Recognition memoryo Recognizing material when it is seeno Easier than recall- Relearning memoryo Assessed by comparing time needed to relearn material to initial learning timeo May be the most sensitive test- Factors affecting retrievalo Serial positiono Context-dependent memoryo State dependent memory Mood congruency effectso Stress and anxiety- Context dependent memoryo Becomes encoded along with the material being rememberedo Reinstating context often increases memory- State-dependent memoryo Internal body states are encoded with memorieso Memories easier to retrieve when these body states are entered again- Memory reconstructiono Piecing memory together from a few highlights, then filling in detains that may or may not be accurate - Memory and eyewitness testimonyo Eyewitnesses can only rmember what they perceive (relies greatly on reconstruction)o Limits to accuracy of accounts Impact of wording of questions Misinformation effcto Jury’s belief in testimony influenced by How witness presents the evidence Confidence of the


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