Psy 150A1 1st edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. No previous exam materialOutline of Current Lecture II. Paranatal development stagesa. Germinalb. Embryonicc. FetalIII. Teratogensa. Thalidomide tragedyIV. What do babies have from the starta. Reflexesb. The newbornc. Habituation techniqueV. How does development happena. Moto developmentb. Language developmentc. Cognitive developmentd. Social and emotional developmente. Moral developmentVI. Cognitive developmenta. Stagesi. Piaget’s theoryii. Schema developmentiii. Sensorimotoriv. Preoperationalv. Concrete operationalVII. Social and emotional developmenta. Individual temperamentb. Separation anxietyc. Harlow’s studyCurrent Lecture- Paranatal development stages: o germinal First division (first 11-12 days)= zygote Second division (cell divides) Blasula BlastocystThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Embryonic: when embryo has implanted into the way (about the size of a period) transition into fetal signified by development of cartilage and boneo Fetal- Teratogens= external substances that invade womb and cause birth defectso Cocaine and heroin= miscarriage, prematurity, birth defects, tremors, sleep problems, tense/fussyo Smoking= reduces oxygen flow, increases CO2, increases odds of prematurity, low birth weight, and miscarriage, SIDSo Alcohol= fetal alcohol syndrome, facial deformities, mental retardation, behavior problems- Thalidomide tragedy= deformed development of limbs in the womb- What do babies have from the start?o Reflexes Permanent= swallowing, breathing, coughing, blinking Temporary= moro(startled by loud noise and draws up his/her legs and arches back), babinsky, tonic neck, grasping, rooting (turns head toward stimuli), suckingo The newborn Perception (vision, hearing, smell, taste)o Habituation technique: baby shown an object until he/she is born with it. Then shown a new object and the baby is more interested in the new object . this can be used to determine what shape differences babies see and whether they see depth or other physical properties- How does development happen?o Orderly and sequentially.. Motor development (sit up, crawl, walk, ect) Language development ( around 6 months) Cognitive development Social and emotional development Moral development- Cognitive developmento Stages Piaget- Sensory-motor stage (0-2)- Preoperational stage (2-7)- Concrete operational (7-12)- Formal operational (12- on)o Other? Vygotsky- Zone of proximal development (scaffolding)- Piaget’s theoryo Schemas (or schemes) are the building blocks of intellectual development. Constructed as child adapts to the environmento Schema development guided by two complimentary processes Assimilation (child see porpoises swimming in water, child interprets them with general concept of “fish”) Accommodation (child sees porpoise breathing, new concept is that animals live in water but breath like humans)o Sensorimotor Understand the world through senses and motor actions Develop object permanenceo Preoperational Development of symbolic representation Thinking is egocentric, dominated by perception Animism & centration Preoperational thoughts:- More symbolic than sensorimotor thought- Inability to engage in operations; cant mentally reverse actions; lacks conservation skills- Egocentric (inability to distinguish own perspective and someone else’s- Intuitive rather than logical Concrete operational- Can do logical operations- Understand reversibility- Can do conservation and classification tasks Formal operational- Can do abstract and hypothetical reasoning- Can reason contrary to experience- Can engage in elaborate planning- Naïve idealism= adolescents often think about what is possible and thinkabout ideal characteristics of themselves or others- Adolescent egocentrism= personal fable and imaginary audience- Imaginary audienceo The strong focus on self leads adolescents to feel that everyone else is focused on them as well- Personal fableo Adolescents assume their thoughts and feelings are unique (no one ever loved so deeply, ect.)- Risk takingo Adolescents tend to engage in risky behavior they would never do as adults- Evaluating piaget’s theoryo Underestimated the mental abilities of infantso Stage changes are less consistent and global than piaget suggestedo Knowledge and mental strategies develop at different ages in different areas- Social and emotional developmento Mother infant bondo Social referencing in infantso Communication and recognition of feelings- Individual temperamento Individual behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment (e.g. frequency of expressing needs and emotions)o Temperament patterns Easy babies (40%) Difficult babies (10%) Slow- to-warm-up babies (15%)- Separation anxietyo Begins at around 8 monthso Peaks at 12-18 months, then declineso Found in all cultureso Enhances survival chances- Harlow’s studyo 2 surrogate mothers: a wire surrogate a cloth surrogateo results: despite the wire surrogate being a source of food, the infant monkeys attached to the cloth surrogate mother- secure vs. insecureo proximity maintenance: staying nearbyo safe haven: turning to for comfort and reassuranceo secure base: having a base from which to explore outward- aainsworth’s viewo types of attachment securely attached kids use caretaker as a secure base (65-70%) resistant/ ambivalent infants first seek and then avoid caretaker (10-15%) avoidant infants are not attached at all (15-20%) 4th category: disoriented/ disorganized (~5%)o parental responsiveness highest in securely attached kids, lowest in avoidant kids, and inconsistent in ambivalent kids- parenting